Common Interactive Objects as we understand them here and nowo

Tshsisss stsesxsts sisss snsosts sfsosrs spsusbslsiscsastsisosns.s sIsts sisss sunder iteration, and with contributions from Susanne Bødker, Licinio Roque, Ida Larsen-Ledet, Vanessa Thomas, Gopinaath Kannabiran (and a bit of cut and paste from here and there)s

P L E A S E D O N O T C I T E w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n .

Over the past two decades, the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) has drastically expanded its scope of concern beyond the workplace and forayed into various aspects of personal and social life with respect to the design and use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Recent research trends in HCI about Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), and robotics reveal complex socio-technical issues concerning human agency, civic responsibility, and technological automation at an unprecedented scale. Such issues are recognized and voiced increasingly by scholars in the field at a meta-discursive level, often as ‘Grand challenges for HCI’. For instance, Shneiderman et al. advocate for a “shift from user experience to community experience” and “to ensure human control while increasing the level of automation” (Shneiderman et al 2016 ). Similarly, Engeström et al. highlight moving from ‘consumer cultures’ towards ‘cultures of participation’ and propose “a focus on increased openness, participation, and inclusion of diverse communities, disciplines, and people” (Engeström et al 2010 ).

M e a n i n g f u l e n g a g e m e n t w i t h c o m p l e x s o c i o - t e c h n i c a l i s s u e s r e q u i r e r o b u s t t h e o r i e s a n d m e t h o d o l o g i c a l t o o l s t o d e s i g n e f f e c t i v e i n t e r v e n t i o n s a n d m e a s u r e i m p a c t s o v e r t i m e . R e f l e c t i n g o n e p i s t e m o l o g i c a l t r a j e c t o r i e s a n d c u r r e n t c h a l l e n g e s i n H C I , B ø d k e r f o r e g r o u n d s t h e n e e d f o r “ u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d c o n c e p t u a l i z i n g m u l t i t u d e s o f a r t i f a c t s a n d t h e w a y s i n w h i c h t h e y m i x i n a c t i v i t i e s t h a t p e o p l e d o t o g e t h e r ” H( B ø d k e r 2 0 1 5H) m o v i n g f o r w a r d . S u r v e y i n g e x i s t i n g c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n s o f t h e t e r m ‘ i n t e r a c t i o n ’ i n H C I , H o r n b æ k a n d O u l a s v i r t a a r g u e t h a t “ t h e s e c o n c e p t s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t s c o p e s a n d w a y s o f c o n s t r u i n g t h e c a u s a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n t h e h u m a n a n d t h e c o m p u t e r ” a n d p o s t u l a t e t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r “ t h e o r e t i c s t a t e m e n t s t h a t l i n k t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n b e t w e e n h u m a n s a n d c o m p u t e r s , g i v e n c e r t a i n s t a r t i n g c o n d i t i o n s a n d b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s ” H( H o r n b æ k a n d O u l a s v i r t a 2 0 1 7H) . I n s h o r t , t h e r e i s a n e e d f o r c o n c e p t u a l i z i n g h o w i n t e r a c t i v e o b j e c t s ( i ) s h a p e h u m a n a g e n c y a n d ( i i ) s t r u c t u r e s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s , ( i i i ) b o t h i n i n d i v i d u a l a n d g r o u p s e t t i n g s .H

Tshsisss scsusrsrsesnsts spsrsospsosssasls sosfsfsesrsss sas swsasys sosfs stshsisnsksisnsgs swshsesrses sisnstsesrsascstsisvses sosbsjsescstsss sasrses sesxspslsosrsesds sisns sosrsdsesrs stsos smsasisnstsasisns sasnsds sesxstsesnsds shsusmsasns scsosnstsrsosls sosvsesrs stshses stsescshsnsoslsosgsiscsasls sesnsvsisrsosnsmsesnsts,s sbsys shsusmsasns sbsesisnsgsss,s sbsostshs sisnsdsisvsisdsusaslslsys sasnsds stsosgsestshsesrs.s sCsosmsmsosns sisnstsesrsascstsisvses sosbsjsescstsss sasrses sssesesns sasss sas swsasys sosfs sasdsdsrsesssssisnsgs sssuscshs shsusmsasns scsosnstsrsosls sosvsesrs stsescshsnsoslsosgsys.s s sTshsesys stsises stsosgsestshsesrs sasns susnsdsesrssstsasnsdsisnsgs sosfs sussses sasnsds sosfs sbsusislsdsisnsgs susssesrs sisnstsesrsfsascsesss sisns sas scsoshsesrsesnsts sfsrsasmseswsosrsks,s stsos sbses saspspslsisesds sisns sisnstsesrsascstsisosns sdsesssisgsns.s sTshsisss spsrsospsosssasls,s shsesnscses,s sosfsfsesrsss sas snsesws sfsoscsusss sosns stshses srseslsastsisosnssshsisps sbsestswsesesns stsescshsnsoslsosgsys sasnsds sistsss sussses,s sasss sisnstsesrsascstsisvses,s scsosmsmsosns sosbsjsescstsss stshsasts sasrses smsesdsisastsosrsss sosfs scsoslslsasbsosrsastsisvses shsusmsasns sascstsisvsistsys.s

t h e o r e t i c a l f r a m e w o r k , c a p t u r n t i n t e r i m s t a t e o f u n d e r s t a n t h a t i s g e n e r a t i v e a n d f o r m a t i v e d i n g o f i n t e r a c t o m m o n I n t e r a c t i v e O b j e c t s .

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Motivati

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5) resides on an abstraction level above particular instances.o

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A computer-mediated slide show presentation in a university course is discussed in (Klokmose & Korsgaard in prep.)computers are disconnected from one another. Rethinking the presenta­tion as a common interactive object means that the presentation could be shared between lecturer and stu­dents, both during and after a lecture, in different and controlled ways. Breaking CBCrCeCaCkCiCnCgC CaCwCaCyC CfCrCoCmC CtChCeC CiCdCeCaC CtChCaCtC CtChCeC CpCrCeCsCeCnCtCaCtCiCoCnC CbCeC­ClCoCnCgCsC CsCoClCeClCyC CtCoC CtChCeC CpCrCeCsCeCnCtCeCrC,C CaCnCdC CoCfCfCeCrCiCnCgC CcCoCnCtCrCoClClCeCdC CsChCaCrCiCnCgC CaCsC CcCoCmCmCoCnC CiCnCtCeCrCaCcCtCiCvCeC CoCbCjCeCcCtCsC,C CpCoCsCeCsC CtCeCcChCnCoC­ClCoCgCiCcCaClC CaCnCdC CcCoCnCcCeCpCtCuCaClC CcChCaClClCeCnCgCeCsC will work with, based on examples like common interactive objects in local communities, university lectures, etc.C

Different prototypical ex­amples of common and boundary objects are, e.g. fagtghgagtg mily calen­dars (Bødker & Grönvall, 2013), pa­rental leave plan­ning (Borchorst et al., 2009; Borchorst & Bødker, 2011), shared art cu­ration (Bødker & Polli 2014) and community artifact ecologies for food sharing (Bødker et al 2016a and b). Such medigMqualities of com­mon igsgugcghg nteractive ob­jects, and theirtentials and boundng and boundary drawing need betg,ter conceptual foundation and CIO set out to provide that.g

These examples show the challenges of addressing interaction as it unfolds over time and in collaboration between people, and it is the somputing technology as such. Thus, they will support multiplicity and diversity, both regarding what technical solutions may work across which technical platforms, in terms of human control over interaction with the technology as such, and in terms of providing the means, and a language for more diverse communities of users to apprehend and develop their own technologies.

When carried through, the project offers new ways for people to construct and configure their physical and virtual environment, together, over time and within communities. It offers otooo osouopopoooroto otohoeoioro osohoaoroeodo onoeoeodosve ways for people to have shared control over data, artifacts and technological environments as alternative to the current trends where Internet of Things, Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence threaten to take control away from people.o oCoIoOo ohoaoso oroooootoso oiono otohoeo odoiosocouososoiooonoso ooofo oPoaolopoaoboloeo oCooomopouotoionogo odoeovoeolooopoeodo oiono otohoeo oPoAoLoCoOoMo oporooojoeocoto,o oaonodo oaolosooo oeo.ogo.o opoloioaonoto ocooomopouotoionogo o(oHoeonodoeorosooono o&o oHoaororoioso)o.o oPoaolocooomo oiono opoaorotoiocouoloaoro oqouoeosotoiooonoeodo otoeocohonooolooogoyo oaoso o'oionovoiosoioboioloiotoyo'o,o o'ulti-layered understanding of objects to support analysis and design of hu­man-computer interaction. While these ap­proaches have been criticized for oversimplifying the relationships between objects in the world (and actions on them) and ob­jects and actions in the interface (see e.g. Lafon 2000, Kaptelinin & Nardi 2006), they are nonetheless among the models that give hope for understanding use, and the mediating role of the interface (see Bødker 1991). In Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), boundary objects are used to address and under­stand sharing and cooper­ation within oBoeoaouodooouoiono-oLoaofooonnities and across time and place (Star, 1989). Boundary objects are of various types such as repositories and forms, and are often understood in networks, ecologies and in­frastructuring processes where objects are broughotohoeo ocooonotoeoxoto ooofo t together, configured and replaced over time (Karesti et al 2010, Pipek & Wulf 2009). In Participatory Design, objects of participation and engage­ment aoBoeoaouodooouoiono-oLoaofooonudied (Kautz, 2009; Bødker, 1osotouodoioeoso oroeovoeoaoloeodo oo98, Bøo oionr et al. 2016c) and run-away obtröm, 2007), software that has been modi­fied byo oboeo otohoeosoeo oboaosoeodo oiono omooocoko-ouoposo,o oporoootoootoyopoeoso oooro omoooroeo ocoloaososoiocoaolo odoeosoiogono oroeoporoeosoeonotoaotoiooonoso. oDoiosocouososoionogo oeo.ogo.o oao ocoaosoeo ooofo o ooopoeono-osooouorocoeo,o er the control ofo otoaolokoso oaobooouoto obody. o

Norman (1999) is famous, but also disputed for his use of Gibson’s affor as run-away objectsdances in understanding use (and design) of human-computer interaction. Gibson, in contrast to Norman, strongly emphasized that affordances are action possibility, not properties that dictate correct use. Bærentsen & Trettvik (2002) com­b a n d t r a j e c t o r i e s ( V e l t e t a l 2 0 1 7 )in

O b j e c t s i n g e n e r a l a r e i n f o c u s , a n d c r i t i c a l l y e x a m i n e d e . g . i n H e a t h & L u f f ( 1 9 9 6 ) : “ I n C S C W p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n h a s f o c u s e d o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f f l e x i b l e c o m p u t e r a r c h i t e c t u r e s a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e s t o s u p p o r t d i f f e r e n t w a y s o f c o l l a b o r a t i v e l y a c c e s s i n g ( i n f o r m a t i o n , o r c o m p u t e r ) o b j e c t s . T h e s e a i m t o s u p p o r t a r a n g e o f c a p a b i l i t i e s f r o m t h e s i m p l e e x c h a n g e o f o b j e c t s , t h r o u g h t h e s h a r i n g o f o b j e c t s a n d t o c o m m o n v i e w s o f t h e s a m e o b j e c t . H o w e v e r , w h e n c o n s i d e r i n g e v e n t h e c a s e o f t h e s i m p l e r e c o r d c a r d , t h i s r a n g e a p p e a r s t o b e u n d u l y l i m i t e d . T h i s m a y b e d u e t o t h e r a t h e r s t a t i c c o n c e p t i o n o f t h e o b j e c t t h a t p e r v a d e s m o s t c u r r e n t C S C W p l a t f o r m s . T h e p r a c t i c e s w h i c h s u p p o r t t h e w r i t i n g a n d r e a d i n g o f t h e p a p e r r e c o r d c a r d s r e l i e s o n a c o m p l e x i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e i t e m s i n a n e n t r y , t h e e n t r i e s a n d t h e c o l l e c t i o n a s a w h o l e . T h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p i s m o r e t h a n a s i m p l e h i e r a r c h y l e a d i n g f r o m t h e s i n g l e c o m p o n e n t t h r o u g h t o t h e r e c o r d a s a w h o l e . I t a l s o r e l i e s o n m o r e t h a n j u s t p r o v i d i n g m o r e ‘ l i n k s ’ b e t w e e n i t e m s a n d e n t r i e s , a s i n s o m e c o m p l e x h y p e r t e x t s y s t e m . ” e and ex­tend the use of Gibson’s (1979) affordances with activity theory (see also Bødker & Klokmose 2011, Kaptelinin & Nardi, 2006). Bærentsen & Trettvik (2002) point out that activ­ity theoreti­cal HCI, rather than affordances, better bridge conceptually between understanding and doing, be­tween individual and shared practices and between history and change. This motivates also the choice to work with activity-theoretical HCI where objects in general and interactive objects in particular are the central foci of analysis and understanding (Bødker 1991). Bærentsen & Trettvik (2002) are critical to Norman’s (1999) attempt to solve the confusion of how af­fordances are used in HCI. Hartson (2003) develops a leveled anal­ysis of artifacts based on affordances and Bødker & Klokmose (2011) criticize his as­sumption that anyone immediately and directly perceives the signification and function of an object. With CIO the idea is to bridge immediate actions (as the affordance notion points to) with more complex forms of conception and devel­opment as offered by activity theoretical HCI.

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Throughout we are moving in a space where technology is used on the one hand, by users, in a mediated relationship with other objects, as what Bødker (1991, 1999) calls artifacts. At the same time these technological objects have our focus and attention as object of our activity, be these in breakdown situations (Bødker 1991) or more deliberate design and building situations (Bødker 1999). O b j e c t s a r e o u t c o m e s o f b u i l d i n g p r o c e s s e s i n g e n e r a l a n d w h e n i t c o m e s t o i n t e r a c t i v e o b j e c t s , t h e y a r e o u t c o m e s o f d e s i g n a n d p r o g r a m m i n g p r o c e s s e s . H o w e v e r i n ­ t e r a c t i v e o b j e c t s a r e a l s o m e d i a t o r s t h a t s t a n d b e t w e e n u s e r s a n d o t h e r o b j e c t , t h e c o m m o n a r t i f a c t t o h e l p u n d e r s t a n d w h a t i t m e a n s t o s h a r e a r t i f a c t s o r o b j e c t s r ( B ø d k e r 1 9 9 s 1 , L a f o n 2 0 0 0 ) . I t i s t h e q u a l i t y o f t h i s s t a n d i n g i n b e t w e e n t h a t h a s b e e n d i s ­ c u s s e d i n H C I , o f t e n d r e s s e d u p a s t r a n s p a r ­ e n c y o r i n t h e U b i c o m p s e t t i n g a s s e a m l e s s n e s s ( D o u r i s h , 2 0 0 1 ) . S e a m f u l n e s s , w h e r e h u m a n b e i n g s m e e t o b j e c t b o u n d a r i e s , ( C h a l m e r s & G a l a n i , 2 0 0 4 ) i s o f t e n p r e s e n t i n t h e p h y s i c a l w o r l d , b u t s e e m s t o b e l a c k i n g w h e n i t c o m e s t o i n t e r a c t i v e o b j e c t s . B ø d k e r & K l o k m o s e ( 2 0 1 1 ) e m p h a s i z e f u r t h e r t h e n e e d t o f o c u s o n o b j e c t s a n d a r t i f a c t s i n p l u r a l a n d t a l k a b o u t a r t i f a c t e c o l o g i e s . B e r t e l s e n & B ø d k e r ( 2 0 0 2 ) , B ø d k e r & B ø g h A n d e r s e n ( 2 0 0 5 ) e x ­ e m p l i f y h o w m u l t i ­ p l e m e d i a t o r s f o r s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t i e s m a y b e c o n n e c t e d .

Objects have many roles in interaction design at large: The idea of the future projectyByeyayuydyoyuyiyny- is an ideal object at the same time as the future project has many manifest forms in the design process, in various representations and pro­totypes, in­dependent of the future outcome of design. Objects furthermore offer specific hands-on possibili­ties for users (Bødker, 1991; Halskov & Dalsgaard, 2006) hence empowering users by connecting to their past prac­tices while helping them get hands on the new possibilities. Fundamentally this is why common interac­tive objects may provide better ways of empowering users to understand, apprehend and develop technolo­gies.y

Bødker & Christiansen ( 2 0 1 2), borrowing from Carroll et al M e d i a t i o n i s n o t a c o n c e p t u n i q u e t o a c t i v i t y t h e o r e t i c a l H C I . P o s t p h e n o m e n o l o g y h a s i n p a r a l l e l d e v e l o p e d d e v e l o p e d i t s u n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n d h a s i m p a c t e d H C I , a n d s e v e r a l p a p e r s d i s c u s s b o t h , e . g . H a s s e ( 2 0 1 3 ) . ( 1 9 9 6) define appropriation as “the way that users evaluate and adopt, adapt and integrate a technology into their everyday practices”. They described how, through use, idiosyncratically and in collaboration with others, people make the iPhone and its app-world their own. In doing so, ‘the interviewees have expanded their scope of what activity is enabled by their iPhone’. According to Bødker & Christiansen ( 2 0 0 8) appropriation happens in the social context first, and only later at an individual level, and that once appropriation has happened on the individual level, not only specific apps, but the whole idea of using a mobile device to accessing the world of apps becomes ‘second nature’ to the user. All of the .se analyses further illustrate a fundamental tension between the change/ appropriation process on the one hand and the artefacts on the other. This change process is both technical and social. They emphasize what Roth & Jornet (2018) called a fluent ontology, where the focus is on the change, the process, over the objects o f artefacts, while the analysis pay attention to how the objects also, at the same time, bo 1 2 supports and hinders such change.

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A c t i v i t y i s t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r a r t e f a c t s a n d , h i s t o r i c a l l y , o p e r a t i o n s f r o m e a r l i e r g e n e r a t i o n s a r e c r y s t a l l i s e d i n t o n e x t g e n e r a t i o n a r t e f a c t s a n d / o r a r t e f a c t s a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f c e r t a i n m o d e s o f a c t i n g i n t h e a c t i v i t y . B æ r e n t s e n ( R E F ) m a d e a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e h a n d g u n , f r o m t h e p e r s p e c t i v e o f h o w n 1 9 8 9 o r g a n i z i n g p r i n c i p l e s ( w a r f o r m a t i o n s ) , n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s ( e . g . g u n - p o w d e r a n d c a r t r i d g e s ) , t r a i n i n g o f s o l d i e r s , n e w a f f o r d a n c e s , e t c . a l l h a v e d e v e l o p e d i n a d i a l e c t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p a n d l e f t t r a c e s i n h a n d g u n s a s t h e y h a v e d e v e l o p e d h i s t o r i c a l l y . A s p r a c t i c e d e v e l o p s o v e r t i m e , c o n c e r n f o r t h e h i s t o r i c a l c o n t e x t o f s u c h i n t e r a c t i v e o b j e c t s i s e s s e n t i a l t o a c ­ t i v i t y t h e o r e t i c a l H C I . A c t i v i t y t h e o r y w a s o r i g i n a l l y i n t r o ­ d u c e d i n H C I t o p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e h u m a n b e i n g a n d t h e c o m p u t e r i s n o t a s i m p l e s u b j e c t - o b j e c t o r s u b j e c t - s u b j e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p : I n s t e a d o f s t u d y i n g t h e r e l a ­ t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e u s e r a n d t h e c o m p u t e r a s s o m e t h i n g t h a t t h e u s e r w o r k s o n , o r c o m m u n i c a t e s w i t h . W i t h t h e c u r r e n t a r r a y o f t e c h n o l o g i e s , t h i s m e d i a t i o n i s o f ­ t e n o n c o m m o n s o f t w a r e o b j e c t s o n i n d i v i d u a l p h y s i c a l d e v i c e s , b u t B ø d k e r ( 2 0 1 5 ) a l s o d i s c u s s e s c o m m o n i n t e r a c t i o n t h r o u g h l a r g e p h y s i c a l f o r m s o f i n t e r a c t i o n .

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To comprehend the development or artifact ecologies including multiple ones (Bødker 2018) proposes that it is necessary to move the analyses beyond the development of the singular artifact in use. Stability as well as unrest is caused, not only by the single artefact as it is used and causing tensions and breakdowns, but also by trajectories of change of other artefacts being used, and appropriated in certain ways, simultaneously or not.

Nicoloni el al. (2018) present different theoretical approaches to objects and state that: “Objects all*i us both to act at a distance and to make our*.* *T*h*e*y* *u*n*d*e*r*s*t*a*n*d* *o*b*j*e*c*t*s* *a*s* *p*e*r*f*o*r*m*i*n*g* *a*t* *l*e*a*s*t* *t*h*r*e*e* *t*y*p*e*s* *o*f* *w*o*r*k*:* *m*o*t*i*v*a*t*e* *a*n*d* *a*l*l*o*w* *c*o*l*l*a*b*o*r*a*t*i*o*n*;* *a*l*l*o*w* *p*a*r*t*i*c*i*p*a*n*t*s* *t*o* *w*o*r*k* *a*c*r*o*s*s* *d*i*f*f*e*r*e*n*t* *t*y*p*e*s* *o*f* *b*o*u*n*d*a*r*i*e*s*;* *c*o*n*s*t*i*t*u*t*e* *t*h*e* *f*u*n*d*a*m*e*n*t*a*l* *i*n*f*r*a*s*t*r*u*c*t*u*r*e* *o* *e*t* *a*l*.*f* *t*h*e* *a*c*t*i*v*i*t*y*.* *T*h*e*y* *a*r*e* *a*l*s*o* *m*u*l*t*i*p*l*e*,* *
*h*e*t*e*r*o*g*e*n*e*o*u*s* *a*n*d* *p*o*t*e*n*t*i*a*l*l*y* *
*c*o*n*f*l*i*c*t*u*a*l *T*h*e*yeraction endure beyond the present. What makes human sociality distinctive, then, is that practices are not merely constellations of intersubjectivity, they are also constellations of “interobjectivity” (Latour 1996, p. 234).” They talk about objects pointing towards the future as epistemic objects to explain the ‘structure of wanting’ and incompleteness of the object as something that we works towards, together. *

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T h e a n a l y t i c s h i f t o f f o c u s f r o m t h e a r t e f a c t s t o t h e p r o c e s s o f c h a n g e a n d a p p r o p r i a t i o n a l l o w s f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g h o w s p e c i f i c c h o i c e s m a d e i n t h e d e s i g n o f e a c h a r t e f a c t , b e i t h a r d w a r e d e v i c e o r s o f t w a r e a p p , o r i n f r a s t r u c t u r a l c o m p o n e n t s f r o m c l o u d s e r v i c e s , t o m o b i l e i n t e r n e t p l a n s a n d a p p s t o r e s m u t u a l l y s u p p o r t a n d h i n d e r c h a n g e t o w a r d s w h a t u s e r s w a n t , i n m a n y w a y s . W h a t u s e r s w a n t c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d o n l y i n a d i a l e c t i c a l t e n s i o n w i t h w h a t t h e y c a n g e t , w h i c h i s t h e n i n t u r n u n d e r g o i n g c h a n g e , t h o u g h n o t a l w a y s t h e c h a n g e s t h a t t h e u s e r s p r e f e r .

Defining Common Interactive Object

CIO proposes that the analytical and conceptual richness of objects need to be brought into play in build­ing and sharing objects. CIO stands on a foundation of related work in activity theory, dis­tributed cognition, and situated interaction (Bødker, 1991; Hollan et al., 2000; Suchman, 1987) which all, with some differences, have been used in HCI to point to the situated and mediated nature of human-com­puter interaction. Fundamentally, activity theoretical HCI (Bødker, 1991; Bertelsen & Bødker, 2003) led to extending HCI to focus on analysis and design for a particular work practice with concern for qualifications, work environment, division of work, etc. Activity theoreticalt

From analysis to generative theoryt

We want to not only understand technology in use differently, but also to reshape it with a scientific basis, we are hence aiming to make the theory generative (see Bødker et al in prep.).

T h e a n a l y s e s o f ( B ø d k e r e t a l i n p r e p . ) speak to the need for theory to help innovate interaction. Currently, CIO is mainly analyzing the problems but the point is to move beyond that in the years to come.

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We are explicitly interested in designing for change: The user experience is not static, but rather dynamic, changing as the user and the user's context changes over time. We need generative theory that is both a generative process for sparking / inspiring new design ideas and in the sense that the interaction needs to be changeable over time.o o

HCI focuses on the appropriate­ness Users and contextl

o f c e r t a i n t o o l s f o r c e r t a i n p r a c t i c e s a n d o n t h e i n t e r ­ a c t i v e o b j e c t s t h a t h u m a n b e i n g s s h a p e a , g e n e r a t i v e l y , n d a p p r o ­ p r i a t e a s t o o l s .

In this perspective, common interactive objects are developed in collaborative human activity and they are used in (other) collaborative human activity, in both sort of cases with a purpose, by people, as designers or users (who are workingp pwpiptphp ptphpepmp papsp paprptpipfpapcptps on other objectsp popfp papcptpipvpiptpy). pCpopmpmpopnp pipnptpeprpapcptpipvpep popbpjpepcptpsp,p plpipkpep poptphpeprp popbpjpepcptpsp popfp papcptpipvpiptpyp pepxpipsptp pbpoptphp papsp pmpaptpeprpipaplp papnpdp papsp popuptpcpopmpep,p pipnp ptphpep ppprpopcpepspsp pipnp papnp pipnptpeprpipmp poprp pipdpepaplp pfpoprpmp papdpdprpepspspipnpgp ptphpep pfpuptpuprpep popbpjpepcptp papsp piptp pwpiplplp pepvpepnptpupaplplpyp pbpepcpopmpep.p

In both design and use, the common interactive object of interest is surrounded by multitudes of other objects (materials and ideal objects), artifacts, and people, in overlapping purposeful activities and communities of pracU

I n o r d e r t o s i t u a t e t h e p o t e n t i a l c o m m o n i n t e r a c t i v e o b j e c t i n c o n t e x t o f c o m m u n i t i e s o f p r a c t i c e , o t h e r a r t i f a c t s a n d o b j e c t s a n d p l a c e s o f u s e i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o a d d r e s s : U s e r s / p a r t i c i p a n t s • W h o a r e t h e u s e r s / p a r t i c i p a n t s ? A r e t h e y i d e n t i f i e d , i d e n t i f i a b l e , a n o n y m o u s , o r a m i x ? • W h a t a r e t h e i r g o a l s ? • W h a t s k i l l s d o t h e y h a v e r e g a r d i n g t h e c o m m o n i n t e r a c t i v e o b j e c t ? D e s i g n e r s • W h o a r e t h e d e s i g n e r s ? • W h a t a r e / w e r e t h e i r g o a l s ? C o n t e x t • W h a t o t h e r o b j e c t s , m a t e r i a l s a n d a r t i f a c t a r e i n t h e e c o l o g y ? • W h a t c o m m u n i t i e s o f p r a c t i c e ? C r o s s - d i s c i p l i n a r y - m o n o - d i s c i p l i n a r y ( a c r o s s – w i t h i n c o m m u n i t i e s o f p r a c t i c e ) • W h a t d i v i s i o n o f w o r k i s i n p l a c e ? • W h a t ( o t h e r ) m e a n s o f c o o p e r a t i o n , e . g . l a n g u a g e , r u l e s ? • W h a t p l a c e s d o u s e h a p p e n ? I s u s e c o l l o c a t e d o r r e m o t e ? • W h a t a r e t h e h i s t o r i c a l t r a j e c t o r i e s b e h i n d t h e c u r r e n t c o m m o n i n t e r a c t i v e o b j e c t ? • W h a t f u t u r e v i s i o n s / e p i s t e m i c o b j e c t s c a n b e i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e c o m m u n i t y ?t O b j e c t sice (wha c u r r e n tt we talk about as (community) artifact ecologies). All of this happens in ever-ongoing dialectical relationships with transformation processes of many kinds (Roth & Jornet 2018), happening intrinsic to the use activity as well as outside of it (Kaptelinin & Bannon, 2014). H o w e v e r , R o t h & J o r n e t ( 2 0 1 7 , 2 0 1 8 ) c a u t i o n s a g a i n s t m e d i a t i o n b e i n g e v e r y t h i n g a n d p r o p o s e t o f o c u s i n s t e a d o n t h e f l o w o f i n t e r a c t i o n s a s i t c o n t i n u o u s l y c o n s t i t u t e s t h e c o n t e x t , a n d i n t e r p r e t i v e f r a m e f o r f u t u r e i n t e r a c t i o n s .

N i c o l i n i e t a l . e m b r a c e t h e p o i n t i n g a h e a d a n d t o t h e c u r r e n t , t h e p r i m a r y , s e c o n d a r y a n d t e r t i a r y ( s e e a b o v e ) o b j e c t o f c o l l a b o r a t i o n a s f o l l o w s :

*i

Q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g c o n t e x t , u s e r s / p a r t i c i p a n t s a n d o b j e c t s

U s e r s / p a r t i c i p a n t sO

Who are the users of/participants?

W h a t a r e t h e i r g o a l s ? O

Who are the designers?

W h a t a r e / w e r e t h e i r g o a l s ?O

A r e t h e y i d e n t i f i e d , i d e n t i f i a b l e , a n o n y m o u s , o r a m i x ?O

C o - l o c a t i o n - r e m o t eO O(OcOoOuOlOdO OaOlOsOoO ObOeO OaO OqOuOeOsOtOiOoOnO OiOnO OtOeOrOmOsO OoOfO OoOrOgOaOnOiOzOaOtOiOoOnO OaOnOdO OnOoOtO OoOnOlOyO OpOlOaOcOeO)O

P r a x i s / c o m m u n i t yO

S k i l l sO

C r o s s - d i s c i p l i n a r y - m o n o - d i s c i p l i n a r y ( a c r o s s - w i t h i n )O

Contexty

Artifact ecologyc

Material ecologyc

Communities

D/icvcicscicocnc cocfc cwcocrckc

Place c

Historical trajectory(

F u t u r e v i s i o n s / e p i s t e m i c o b j e c t s

V

OobojoeocotosO

Wohoyo,o owohoaoto,o ohooowo O-O OHOuOmOaOnO-OAOrOtOiO O(O2O0O1O2O)OfOaOcOtO OMOoOdOeOlO

Poroiomoaoroyo/osoeocooonodoaoroyo/otoeorotoioaoroyo o(oWoaorotooofosokoyo/oEonogoeosotoroöomo,o osoeoeo oaolosooo oNoiocoooloionoio’oso ofoiogouoroeO OaObOoOvOeo)O

Process/Structure - flow dl

l

Main functionl

Theoretical approaclhl

l

lTlelrltlilalrlyl lolbljlelcltlsl lolfl lclolllllalblolrlaltlilolnl

lPlrlolvlildlel lblalslilcl lilnlflrlalsltlrlulcltlulrlel lslulplplolrltl lflolrl lclolllllalblolrlaltlilolnl

lIlnlflrlalsltlrlulcltlulrlel ltlhlelolrlyl

l

lSlelclolnldlalrlyl lolbljlelcltlsl lolfl lclolllllalblolrlaltlilolnl

lFlalclillliltlaltlel lwlolrlkl lalclrlolslsl ldlilflflelrlelnltl ltlylplelsl lolfl lblolulnldlalrlilelsl

lBlolulnldlalrlyl lolbljlelcltlsl

l

lPlrlilmlalrlyl lolbljlelcltlsl lolfl lclolllllalblolrlaltlilolnl

lTlrlilglglelrl/lslulsltlalilnl/lmloltlilvlaltlel lclrlolslsl-lclolmlmlulnliltlyl lclolllllalblolrlaltlilolnl

Epistemic objects

Olbljlelcltlsl lolfl ltlhlel lalcltlilvliltlyl

l

ll

cohoyo o-o oaososoeomoboloaogoeo o(oCoooroboeototo,o oSohoaopoiorooo)O

Voiosoioboloeo ovoso.o oionovoiosoioboloeo otooo oaololo osoeonosoeoso o(oPoaolocooomo)O

Cooomopooosoiotoiooono o-o odoeocooomopooosoiotoiooono o/o ogoroaonouoloaoroiotoyo o(oPoaolocooomo)O

Aococoeososoioboloeo o-o oionoaococoeososoioboloeO

Doeosoiogonoeodo oaonodo ouosoeodo o(otowooo odoiO O2O0O1O8ofofoeoroeonoto omooodoeoso ooofo oaocotoiooono,o oaolosooo obooouonodoaoroyo ooobojoeocotoso oboeotowoeoeono otohoeo otowooo)O

Soeoaomofouolo/osoeoaomoloeososO O(OCOhOaOlOmOeOrOsO O&O OGOaOlOaOnOiO,O ODOoOuOrOiOsOhO)O

Interactive

What does it mean to interact with computational materials/objcts. What makes such objects interactive? (what are qualities of ‘good interaction’ in this framing? What does it mean that use is collaborative/shared?). Is it possible to address interactivity as independent of the use activity?

I n d e e d S t o l t e r m a n & J a n l e r t ( 2 0 1 7 ) t r y t o c l a r i f y t h e e l e m e n t s o f i n t e r a c t i o I n d e e d m o d e l i n c l u d i n g a g e n t s , o b j e c t s a n d m e s s a g e f l o w s . A l t h o u g h t h i s b a s i c c o n s t r u c t i o n c o u l d p o s s i b l y b e e x t e n d e d t o e n h a n c e i t s d e s c r i p t i v e p o w e r , a t f i r s t g l a n c e i t a p p e a r s t o b e l i m i t e d b y i t s a m b i t i o u s g e n e r a l i t y a n d o v e r s i m p l i f i c a t i o n . I n d e e d , a l t h o u g h i t c o u l d p o s s i b l y o p e n t h e d o o r t o c o n s i d e r t h e m o d e l l i n g o A , m u l t i - a g e n t s c e n a r i o s o r s y s t e m s o f i n t e r g e n t - b a s e d m o d e l l i n g h a s b e e n e x p l o r e d b y r e s e a r c h e r s i n c o m p l e x i t y s c i e n , c e a n d / c o m p l e x a d a p t i v e s y s t e m s ) , a n a c c o u n t o f i n t e r a c t i v i t y s o g e n e r a l r u n s a l o n g t h e p e r s p e c t i v e o f c y b e r , a n d h e n c e l e a d t o a g e n e r a l p e r s p e c t i v e w o u l d n e e d t o b e , t h i s k i n d o f c y b e r n e t i c s i a l s p e c i f i c , m i x i n g e l e m e n t s o f t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n , o p t i m a l b e h a v i o r , a n d c o n t r o l h m o d e l s i O u l a s v i r t a & H o r n b æ k 2 0 1 7 m o d e l i n g a p p r o a c h m o r e u s e f u l i n e l a i n i n g / p r e d i d i m e n s i o n s ( t o o m p u t e r ( s ) c o l l a b o r a t i v e s c e n a r i o s .

Interactive i n t h e c o n t e x t o f C I O is to embrace both physical and virtual, as well as human action I n t e r a c t i v e i n t h e c o n t e x t o f C I O i s t o e m b r a c e b o t h p h y s i c a l a n d v i r t u a l , a s w e l l a s h u m a n a c t i o n a n d c o n t r o l , i . e . t h e w a y s i n w h i c h o u r o b j e c t s a r e d e s i g n e d t o , o r a c t u a l l y ‘ t a l k b a c k ’ w h e n t h e y a r e u s e d . I n t e r a c t i v e i s a l s o b e c a u s e t h e p r o j e c t a d d r e s s e s i n t e r a c t i v e t e c h n o l o g y , i n t e r a c t i o n s d e s i g n , e t c . a n d n o t m a t e r i a l s , p r o d u c t s a n d o b j e c t s o f a l l s o r t s .Wiberg et al. (2013) see this as a radical shift of perspectivm how c & O u l a s v i r t aomput­ers can be applied as tools in the hands of users to the compu­tational as material. Gross et al. (2013) how­ever, see it as a continuation of older concerns in HCI. Digital materials may be without (physical) properties (Lövgren & Stolterman, 2004), they may lack properties, or be entangled with physical properties (Pierce & Paulos 2013). In particular, the focus on physical materials and embedding computation into ma­teriality is important for CIO so as to address interactive ob­jects as providing materiality to design, pro­gramming and use.

Current re­search on tangible and embedded interaction and tangible user interfaces (Ullmer & Ishii, 2000; Shaer & Hornecker, 2010), is of inter­est because these ways of designing adds physical properties to the virtual. Studies of user interface aesthetics and artistic practices have led to a general focus on programs as materials (see also Bertelsen et al., 2007; Hansen et al., 2014) and ahwe equally relevant to CIO. In our conceptual understanding, acting and thinking with objects go hand in hand, and certainly the framework to address common, interactive objects needs to be developed when it comes to these aspects. In particular the resistance provided, and by the interactive objects and the effort needed (Bertelsen et al 2007), the possibilities of shaping and reshaping them (their malleability) is a key concern in CIO. h

G e t t i n g b a c k t o K a y ’ s c l a y o f c o m p u t i n g , h i s f o c u s w a s o r i g i n a l l y o n b u i l d i n g , o n p r o g r a m m i n g , w h e r e a s t h a t o f C I O i s e q u a l l y o n u s e a n d a p p r o p r i a t i o n . A p o s s i b l e t a k e o n t h e i s s u e s o f c o n t r o l w o u l d b e e m p o w e r p e o p l e t o b e a b l e t o u s e / e x p r e s s t h e m s e l v e s w i t h c o m p u t a t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s i n a w a y t h a t g o e s b e y o n d b e i n g o n l y r e c i p i e n t s / c o n s u m e r s o f o t h e r p e o p l e ’ s p r o d u c t , h e n c e t o h e l p p e o p l e t o b e a b l e t o c r e a t e / p a r t i c i p a t e i n c r e a t i n g t h e i r o w n c o m p u t a t i o n a l o b j e c t s . H o w t h i s i s d o n e m a y b e e v e n m o r e c h a l l e n g i n g e x a c t l y w h e n t h e c o m p u t a t i o n a l o b j e c t s a r e a l s o p h y s i c a l a n d t a n g i b l e .

Ihnhthehrhahchthihvhihthyh hhhahsh hchohnhnhehchthihohnhsh hthoh hahehshthhhehthihchsh hohfh hihnhthehrhahchthihohnh hdhuheh hthoh hthhheh hfhohchuhsh hohnh hshehnhshohrhyh hahnhdh hphehrhchehphthuhahlh hehxhphehrhihehnhcheh h(hsheheh hehahrhlhihehrh hPhIhTh hwhohrhkh)h.h hAhsh hihlhlhuhshthrhahthehdh hihnh hthhheh hwhohrhkh hohfh AMAcACAaArAtAhAyA A&A AWArAiAgAhAth h(h2h0h0h4h)h AeAxApAeArAiAeAnAcAeh hihsh hahdhdhrhehshshehdh hihnh hhhuhmhahnh hahchthihvhihthyh hbhyA AlAoAoAkAiAnAgA AbAaAcAkA AaAnAdA AlAoAoAkAiAnAgA AaAhAeAaAdh,h hahnhdA AsAhAaArAiAnAgA hhhahphphehnhsh h(hahsh hihth hihsh hnhohth hvhehrhyh hdhehvhehlhohphehdh hihnh h(hMhchChahrhthhhyh h&h hWhrhihghhhth h2h0h0h4h)h)h hihnh hrhehchohuhnhthihnhgh,h hrhehthehlhlhihnhgh hahnhdh hrhehfhlhehchthihohnh.h

Research on blended interaction (O’Hara et al., 2011; Jetter et al., 2014, Bødker & Klokmose 2016) point in a useful di­rection: It seems that blended interaction can be under­stood and provided with a better conceptual and tech­nological basis through object-thinking as outlined in CIO. Looking back on past experiences and mak­ing active use of these in building new objects, has a large, underdeveloped potential for empowering users.æ

Oulasvirta &rBrørdrkrerrr r&r rGrrrörnrvrarlrlr r2r0r1r3r,r rGrrrörnrvrarlrlr rertr rarlr.r r2r0r1r4r,r rFrrrirtrsrcrhr rertr rarlr.r r2r0r1r4e mentioned) list of models of interaction also shed further light on thrarbrorvrer rmrernrtrirornrerdteraction/interactivity connected to each model, pointing towards rather different ways of assessing interactivity. They investigate constructs of interaction in HCI, their meaning and impact for design and evaluation. While addressing the determination adopted or inscribed in the interaction crTrhreryr rardrdrrrersrsall assume teleological determination (human intentions postulate a morrwrhrircrhr rarrre goal of interaction), while some theories veer towards mechanical determinism under limitedrnrorrrmachieving limited predictive power, other veering towards structural determination (or none a all) with broad scope, and somepower. r r&r rOrurlrarsrvrirrrtra r

With this effort they identify theoretical holes and a general disconnection between theoretical constructs that run largely side-by-side without much dialog. Of the interactivity perspectithey str rrrurnudy, there is a notable focus on single-human-computer interaction, and an absence of constructs that address interactivity in common, the computational agent/material as part of larger conversation between humans. For designers, this hinders their ability to conceive of and anticipate how forOrurlrarsrvrirrrtrar r&r rHrorrrnrbrærkthe different role of computational agency (or material) in interactivity (either f r o m a n explanatory or predictive p e r s p e c t i v e) when compared to other human made or natural objects. r

FHrHoHmH HtHhHiHsH HwHoHrHkH HiHtH HaHpHpHeHaHrHsH HtHhHaHtH HwHoHrHkHiHnHgH HoHuHtH HaH HpHlHaH-HsHiHbHlHeH,H HfHaHlHsHiHfHiHaHbHlHeH HeHxHtHeHnHsHiHoHnH HoHfH HaHnH HeHxHiHsHtHiHnHgH HtHhHeHoHrHyH HoHrH HcHoHmHbHiHnHaHtHiHoHnH HoHfH HpHeHrHsHpHeHcHtHiHvHeHsH HwHiHtHhH HcHoHmHpHlHeHmHeHnHtHaHrHyH HsHtHrHeHnHgHtHhHsH H(HeH.HgH.H,H HtHoHoHlHsH HuHsHeH H&H HeHmHbHoHdHiHmHeHnHtH,H HeHxHpHeHrHiHeHnHcHeH H&H HcHoHnHtHrHoHlH,H HeHtHcH.H)H HtHoHgHeHtHhHeHrH HwHiHtHhH HaH HdHeHsHiHgHnH HoHpHeHrHaHtHiHoHnHaHlHiHzHaHtHiHoHnH HtHhHaHtH HcHoHuHlHdH HeHnHaHbHlHeH HeHmHpHiHrHiHcHaHlH HtHeHsHtHiHnHgH,H HwHoHuHlHdH HbHeH HnHeHeHdHeHdH HtHoH HoHvHeHrHcHoHmHeH HsHoHmHeH HoHfH HtHhHeH HcHuHrHrHeHnHtH HlHiHmHiHtHaHtHiHoHnHsH HoHfH HtHhHeHoHrHeHtHiHcHaHlH HcHoHnHsHtHrHuHcHtHsH,H HrHeHgHaHrHdHiHnHgH HsHcHoHpHeH HaHnHdH HdHeHtHeHrHmHiHnHaHcHyH.H HCHeHrHtHaHiHnHlHyH,H HiHnH HaHdHdHrHeHsHsHiHnHgH HtHhHeHHHoHrHnHbHæHkH H&H HOHuHlHaHsHvHiHrHtHaH HtHhHeH HsHtHuHdHyH HaHnHdH HoHpHeHrHaHtHiHoHnHaHlHiHzHaHtHiHoHnH HoHfH HCHoHmHmHoHnH HIHnHtHeHrHaHcHtHiHvHeH HOHbHjHeHcHtHsH HaHsH HaH HpHeHrHsHpHeHcHtHiHvHeH HoHrH HoHvHeHrHaHrHcHhHiHnHgH HtHhHeHoHrHyH HoHfH HiHnHtHeHrHaHcHtHiHoHnH,H HtHhHiHsH HtHhHeHoHrHeHtHiHcHaHlH HcHoHnHsHtHrHuHcHtHiHoHnH HpHoHsHeHsH HbHoHtHhH HaH HuHsHeHfHuHlH HcHhHaHlHlHeHnHgHeH HaHnHdH HoHpHpHoHrHtHuHnHiHtHyH.H H

Baecker et al (1993) as an example of shared interactivity discussed various (collaborative:) text editors and the extent to and granularity with which they support collaborative writing activities of different nature:.: :W:h:i:l:e: :t:h:e: :t:e:c:h:n:o:l:o:g:i:e:s: :a:r:e: :l:o:n:g: :o:u:t:d:a:t:e:d:,: :t:h:e: :t:a:x:o:n:o:m:i:c:a:l: :r:e:q:u:i:r:e:m:e:n:t:s: :m:a:y: :s:t:i:l:l: :s:t:a:n:d:::

*

Automatic & Human control ? maybe we should drag something here from the worIn Bødker et al. (2018) we discuss the roles of automation and control in human partnerships mediated by interactive objects. Karpatchof (1984) talks about artifacts or tools as either actively or passively externalized, and use this to discuss the role of classical AI when it comes to mediation of human activity, following Leontjev's idea that only that which is routinized can be automated. What would this idea mean for the computer-mediated, human partnerships, mediated by interactive objects? We point out how automation without previous routinization

o a c t i v e l y e x t e r n a l i z e d o b j e c t s , b u t r a t h e r b e c a u s e A I p i c k s u p o n f o r m s o f a u t o m a t i o n t h a t d o n o t r e f l e c t h u m a n r o u t i n e s . W h a t d o e s t h i s m e a n a t t h e l e v e l o f t h e h u m a n - c o m p u t e r i n t e r a c t i o n ? S t i l l , a u t o m a t e d b e h a v i o r d o e s n o t n e e d t o c o n s t r a i n ; o n t h e c o n t r a r y , i t c a n f u n c t i o n a s a n a s p e c t o f i n t e r a c t i v e o b j e c t s . E q u a l l y , t h e i n t e r a c t i v e o b j e c t m a y t r a n s p a r e n t l y e n a b l e f u r t h e r a p p r o p r i a t i o n ( e . g . a u t o m a t i c b a c k g r o u n d r e c a l c u l a t i o n i n a s p r e a d s h e e t ) . A s s u c h , d e a l i n w h e n i t c o m e s t o m a t i o n c a n l e a d t o a n e m e r g e n c e o f d i v e r s e l o v e - h a t e s o c i o - t e c h n i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s , w i t h v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f s t a b i l i t y a n d i n t e r p r e t i v e f l e x i b i l i t y . W h e n a n d w h i c h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s m a y f a v o r s u c h t r a n s i t i o n s s t i l l r e q u i r e s r e s e a r c h . have several possible explorations, and its potential explanatory a n d i t s p o t e e d n t i a l i n r e l a t i o n t ot a central on , n, Breinbjerg, Pold ( 2 0 0 m a y b eriation ound s y n t h e s i s a n d m i x i n g software electronic music artists, pointed towards some essential aspects of software systems’ m a t e r i a l i t y , i t s malleability or lack thereof, and its i n f l u e n c e in the way t h a t s o f t w a r e gets adopted in artistic creation. Resistance and the correspondent effort required in exploratory use, thus preventing an easy or accidental result, requiring the development of a skill and conferring intrinsic value to the creations. Further study need stot tctotntstitdtetrtt s a s : U n d e r w h i c h c o n d i t i o n s C I O s g e t a p p r o p r i a t e d a l o n g t h e i r d e s i g n e r i n s c r i b e d a c t i o n p r o g r a m s ? H o w C I O s c a n f o s t e r p a r t i c i p a t o r y d i a l o g i n t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f i n s c r i b e d a c t i o n p r o g r n e t a l . e i r a c t i o n p r o g r a m s g e t t r a n s f o r m e d o r a d a p t e d f o r d i v e r s e c o n t e x t s o r d o m a i n s ? W h i c h c o m p u t a t i o n a l m a t e r i a l c o n d i t i o n s c a n f o s t e r o r h i n d e r a p p r o p r i a t i o n a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n t o u s e r s a n d t h e i r c o n t e x t ? H o w C I O s m i g h t m e r e c o n f i g u r e d a n d r e c o m b i n e d f o r u n i n t e n d e d / n o n - a p r i o r i - d e s i g n m i g h t e d p u r b E t c .

R“e“a“d“/“w“r“i“t“e“/“e“d“i“t“ “-“ “g“r“a“n“u“l“a“r“i“t“y a n d m o r e“ “(“B“a“e“c“k“e“r“)

Physicality: Shape chang - cross device - cross app e

P h y s i c a l a n d i n t e r a c t i v e q u a l i t i e s ( P h y s i c a l t o a i d t h e i n t e r a c t i v e , a n d v i c e v e r s a )

A“u“t“o“m“a“t“i“c“ “-“ “u“s“e“r“ “c“o“n“t“r“o“l

T“a“i“l“o“r“a“b“i“l“i“t“y“ “(“o“f“ “f“o“r“m“,“ “c“o“n“t“e“n“t“,“ “…“)

i“n“t“e“r“a“c“t“i“v“i“t“y“ =“ “u“n“d“e“r“s“t“a“n“d“ “t“h“e“ “i“n“t“e“r“a“c“t“i“o“n“ “w“i“t“h“ “t“h“e“ “c“o“m“p“u“t“a“t“i“o“n“a“l“ “m“a“t“e“r“i“a“l

M“a“l“l“e“a“b“i“l“i“t“y“:“ ( B e r t e l s e n , B r e i n b j e r g , P o l d )“.

A“e“s“t“h“e“t“i“c“ “o“f“ “i“n“t“e“r“a“c“t“i“o“n“ “-“ “ “M“c“C“a“r“t“h“y “& “W“r“i“g“h“t“ “o“r“ “n“o“t“

M o d e l s o f I n t e r a c t i o n “K“a“s“p“e“r“ “H“ “+“ “A“ “ “O“u“l“a“s“v“i“r“t“a

C l a y o f c o m p u t i n g .

Common

Substantial CSCW research has been done on the subject of technology mediated social interaction in and between communities (e.g. Star, 2010; Bryant et al. 2005, Palen et O-l. 2010, Keegan et al. 2016)O,O Ospecifically RobinsonO’Os (1993) notion of com­mon artifact and Star (1989, 2010)’s analyses of boundary objects in overlapping prac­tices and commu­nities. Boundary objects address the tensions between plastic, open and local use, versus standardiza­tion and robustness across sites. Bødker (2015) points to possi­ble new mediating qualities of col­labo­rators holding e.g. big interactive objects in commonO OwOiOtOh theoretical inspiration in how (Engeström, 1987; Engeström et al., 1997; Raeithel, 1996; Bardram, 1998) make analytical distinctions between three levels of collaboration that relate to how partici­pants share motive, object, and orientation toward one an­other. Bardram (1998) elaborates on these levels to distinguish between different ways O2hat objects structure their sharing pro­cess. Unfortunately, this strand of theoretical work has largely been ignored in recent re­search, and revitalization may help my current project.O

Common interactive ob­jects, accordingly, do not stand alone. They exist in ecologies with other objects, used by people, not in sin­gular and isolated activities, but together in webs of activities and as boundary objects across activities.

CIoImImIoInI IiInItIeIrIaIcItIiIvIeI IoIbIjIeIcItIsI IhIaIvIeI IaI IhIiIsItIoIrIyI,I IaInIdI IcIhIaInIgIeI IoIvIeIrI ItIiImIeI.I ICIhIaInIgIeI IhIaIpIpIeInIsI ItIhIrIoIuIgIhI IuIsIeI,I IaInIdI IwIiItIhI IiInItIeIrIaIcI­ItIiIvIeI IoIbIjIeIcItIsI IaIlIsIoI ItIhIrIoIuIgIhI ItIaIiIlIoIrIiInIgI IaInIdI IrIeI-IpIrIoIgIrIaImImIiInIgI I(IBIøIdIkIeIrI I&I ICIhIrIiIsItIiIaInIsIeInI I2I0I1I2I,I ITIeItItIeIrIoIoI IeItI IaIlI.I I2I0I1I5I,I ITIcIhIoIuInIiIkIiInIeI I2I0I1I6I)I.I IVIeIrIsIiIoInIiInIgI IoIfI IpIrIoIgIrIaImIsI IaIsI IwIeIlIlI IaIsI IoIfI IoIfIfIiIcIeI IdIoIcIuI­ImIeInItIsI IaIrIeI IfIaImIiIlIiIaIrI IeIxIaImIpIlIeIsI IoIfI ItIhIiIsI.I ITIiImIeI IaInIdI IrIeIuIsIeI IpIrIeI­IsIeInItI IcIhIaIlIlIeInIgIeIsI IoIfI IcIoInItIrIoIlI:I IIInI IsIhIaIrIeIdI IpIrIoIgIrIaImI IrIeIpIoIsIiItIoIrIiIeIsI I(IBIøIdIkIeIrI I2I0I0I0IbI)I,I ItIhIeI IsIhIaIrIiInIgI IoIfI IoIbIjIeIcItIsI IiIsI IdIeIpIeInIdIeInItI IoInI IhIuImIaInI IiInItIeIrIvIeInItIiIoInI IaInIdI ImIeIdIiIaI­ItIiIoInI.I ITIhIiIsI IiIsI IpIaIrIaIlIlIeIlI ItIoI IEInIgIeIsItIrIöImI’IsI I(I2I0I0I7I)I IaInIaIlIyIsIiIsI IoIfI I‘IrIuInIaIwIaIyI IoIbIjIeIcItIsI’I ItIhIaItI IhIaIvIeI ItIaIkIeInI IaI IlIiIfIeI IoIfI ItIhIeIiIrI IoIwInI IaInIdI IaIrIeI IuInIdIeIrI InIoIbIoIdIyI’IsI IcIoInItIrIoIlI.<

Bardram & Houben ( 2 0 1 8 ) g i v e a s u m m a r y o f s t a t e o f t h e a r t w h e n i t c o m e s t o s h a r i n g a n d c o m m o n o b j e c t s b y i n t r o d u c i n g t h e c o n c e p t o f c o l l a b o r a t i v e a f f o r d a n c e s a s “ a r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n a [ p h y s i c a l a n d / o r d i g i t a l ] a r t i f a c t a n d a s e t o f h u m a n a c t o r s , t h a t a f f o r d s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e s e a c t o r s t o p e r f o r m a c o l l a b o r a t i v e a c t i o n w i t h i n a s p e c i f i c s o c i a l c o n t e x t . ” T h e y a d d r e s s p o r t a b i l i t y ( t h e a b i l i t y t o p h y s i c a l l y c a r r y , s h a r e , p o s i t i o n , u s e i n d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s ) , c o l l o c a t e d a c c e s s , s h a r e d o v e r v i e w a n d m u t u a l a w a r e n e s s ( w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o a m o n g o t h e r s H e a t h & L u f f ) , a n d u s e t h e s e c o l l a b o r a t i v e a f f o r d a n c e s t o c o m p a r e d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f p r o t o t y p i c a l c o m m o n i n t e r a c t i v e o b j e c t s , n a m e l y p a p e r - b a s e d a n d e l e c t r o n i c p a t i e n t r e c o r d s .

C o m m o nO

S t a n d a r d i z e d - b o u n d a r y o b j e c t - l o c a l u s e ( S t a r )O

D o u b l e l e v e l l a n g u a g e ( d o i n g a n d n e g o t i a t i n g r o u t i n e s / s h a r i n g ) ( R o b i n s o n )O

W e - i n - t h e - w o r l d - u s - a n d - t h e - o t h e r s - m e - v e r s u s - t h e - o t h e r s ( R a i e t h e l / B a r d r a m ) o r O b j e c t i n ‘ c o m m u n i t y w i t h o u t u n i t y ’ w i t h c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d c o n f l i c t s ( N i c o l i n i )O

L e a r n i n g : I n i t i a l f a m i l i a r i t y - e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n - e m e r g e n t u s e ( P a l c o m )O

S o m e b o d y e l s e ’ s - h a l f m i n e - a l l m i n e ( B ø d k e r / B a k h t i n )O

O v e r v i e w - d e t a i l / g r a n u l a r i t y ( B a r d r a m & H o u b e n / H e a t h / L u f f )O

T i m e ( s a m e - d i f f e r e n t ) a l s o t r a j e c t o r y o v e rO

P l a c e ( s a m e - d i f f e r e n t ) a l s o t r a j e cO O1O9O9O6 t o r y o v e rO

O w n e r s h i p / p r i v a c y / s e c u r i t yO

A c c e s s r i g h t s : T o t a l - p a r t i a l - e q u a l / u n e q u a l

Referenceso o(oTohoeoroeo oaoroeo otooooo omoaonoyo,o onoooto oaololo ouosoeodo)o

Baecker, R. et al (1993). The User-centred Iterative DesiCases to be discusseda

LAA, Caseline, Ekkomaten, Comotion bench, The digital sticky notes - also the exercise that Clemens and I started with mundane technologies (google docs, net bank, email,...)O

Uasaea aaalasaoa awaiataha atahaea aCaIaOa acaaasaeasa ataoa ataealala atahaeama aaapaaarata aaanada amaoataiavaaataea atahaeama

gn Of Collaborative Writing Software , I n t e R o n a l d M . B a e c k e r , D i r n i t r i o s N a s t o s , I l o n a R . P o s n e r , a n d K e l l y L . M a w b y M. Baecker, Dirnitrios Nastos, Ilona R. Posner, and Kelly L. Mawby

Btætrtetntttstetnt,t tKt.t tBt.t tatntdt tTtrtettt,t t5t1t-t6t0t.

Btætrtetntttstetnt,t tKtltatutst tBt.t t1t9t8t9t.t tMtetntntetstktetrt totgt tmtatstktitntetrt.t tItnt:t tHtetdtetgtatatrtdt,t tMt.t;t tVt.t tRt.t tHtatntstetnt t&t tSt.t tTthtytststetnt t(tetdtst.t)t:t tEttt tvtitrtktstotmttt tltitvt.t tUtdtftotrtstktntitntgt tatft tvtitrtktstotmthtetpt,t tJt.tEt.t t&t tHtotu Nt tAtftftotrtdtatntcte - t h o s e w i t h . a r e u s e d - f i x r e dtst .totft tMtetdtitctatlt tRtetctotrtdtst.t tCtotmtptuttt tStutptptotrtttetdt tCtototpt tWtotrtkt t(t2t0t1t8t)t t2t7t:t t1t.t thtttttptst:t/t/tdtotit.totrtgt/t1t0t.t1t0t0t7t/tst1t0t6t0t6t-t0t1t7t-t9t2t9t8t-t5

Btetatutdtotutitnt-tLtatftotnt,t tMt.t t(t2t0t0t0t)t.t tItntstttrtutmtetntttatlt titntttetrtatctttitotnt:t tatnt titntttetrta .tctttitotnt tmtotdtetlt tftotrt tdtetstitgtntitntgt tptotsttt-tWtItMtPt tutstetrt titntttetrtftatctetst.t tPtrtotct.t tCtHtIt’t2t0t0t0t,t t4t4t6t–t4t5t3t.

Btetntftotrtdt,t tSt.t,t tAt.t tHtatztztatrtdt,t tAt.t tCth .tatmtbtetrtltatitnt,t tKt.t tGtltotvtetrt,t tCt.t tGtrtetetnthtatltgtht,t tLt.t tXtut,t tMt.t tHtotatrtet,t tatntdt tDt.t tDtatrtztetntttatst t(t2t0t1t6t)t.t tAtctctotutntttatbtltet tAtrtttetftatctttst:t tTthtet tCtatstet totft ttthtet tCtatrtotltatnt tGtutitttatrt.t tItnt tPtrtotct tCtHtIt t't1t6t,t t1t1t6t3t-t1t1t7t5t.

Btetrtttetltstetnt,t tOt.t t&t tBtøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t(t2t0t0t3t)t.t tAtctttitvtitttyt tTthtetotr .tyt.t tItnt tCtatrtrtotltlt,t tJt.tMt.t t(tEtdt.t)t.t tHtCtIt tMtotdtetltst,t tTthtetotrtitetst,t tatntdt tFtrtatmtetwtotrtktst:t tTtotwtatrtdt tatnt tItntttetrtdtitstctitptltitntatrtyt tStctitetntctet,t tctht.t1t1t.t tMtotrtgtatnt tKtatutftmtatnt,t tptpt.t t2t9t1t-t3t2t4t.

Btetrtttetltstetnt,t tOt.t tWt.t t(t1t9t9t8t)t.t tEtltetmtetntttst tttot tat ttthtetotrtyt totft tdte .tstitgtnt tatrtttetftatctttst:t tat tctotntttrtitbtutttitotnt tttot tctrtitttitctatlt tstytstttetmtst tdtetvtetltotptmtetnttt trtetstetatrtctht,t tPtht.tDt.t-tTthtetstitst,t tAtatrthtutst tUtntitvtetrtstitttyt.t tDtAtItMtIt tPtBt-t5t3t1t.

Btetrtttetltstetnt,t tOt.t tWt.t t&t tBtøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t(t2t0t0t2t) .t.t tDtitstctotntttitntutitttitetst.t tItnt tFtltotytdt,t tCt.t,t tYt.t tDtitttttrtitctht,t tRt.t tKtltitstcthtetwtstktit t(tetdtst.t)t tStotctitatlt ttthtitntktitntgt t-t tStotftttwtatrtet tPtrtatctttitctet.t tMtItTt tPtrtetstst.

Btetrtttetltstetnt,t tOt.tWt.t,t tBtrtetitntbtjtetrtgt,t tMt.t t&t tPtotltdt,t tSt.t t(t2t0t0t7t)t.t tItntstttrtutmtetntttntetstst tftotrt tctrtetatttitvtitttyt tmtetdtitatttitotnt,t tmtatttetrtitatltitttyt t&t tmtetttotntytmtyt.t t tPtrtotct.t tCtrtetatttitvtitttyt t&t tctotgtntitttitotnt t(tCt&tCt t't0t7t)t,t t2t3t3t-t2t4t2t.

Btjtötrtgtvtitntststotnt,t tEt.t,t tEthtnt,t tPt.t,t tHtitltltgtrtetnt tAt.tPt.t t(t2t0t1t0t)t.t tPta .trtttitctitptatttotrtyt tdtetstitgtnt tatntdt t"tdtetmtotctrtatttitztitntgt titntntotvtatttitotnt"t.t tItnt tPtrtotct.t tPtDtCt t2t0t1t0t,t t t4t1t-t5t0t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t(t1t9t9t1t)t.t tTthtrtotutgtht ttthtet tItntttetrtftatctet t–t tat tHtutmtatnt tAtctttitvtitttyt tAtptptrtotatctht tttot tUtstetrt tItntttetrtftatctet tDtetstitgtnt tLtEtAt.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt. .t t(t1t9t9t3t)t.t tHtitstttotrtitctatlt tatntatltytstitst tatntdt tctotntftltitctttitntgt tptetrtstptetctttitvtetst t-t tctotntttetxtttutat¬tltitztitntgt tHtCtIt.t tItnt tBtatstst,t tLt.t,t tGtotrtntotstttatetvt,t tJt.t t&t tUtntgtetrt,t tCt.t t(tEtdtst.t)t.t tHtutmtatnt-tCtotmtptutttetrt titntttetrtatctttitotnt.t t3trtdt tItntttetrtntattti .totatlt tCtotntftetrtetntctet,t tEtWtHtCtIt t't9t3t,t tStLtNtCtSt tvtotlt.t t7t5t3t,t t1t-t1t0t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t(t1t9t9t6t)t.t tAtptptltytitntgt tatctttitvtitttyt ttthtetotrtyt tttot tvtitdtetot tatntatltytstitst:t tHtotwt tttot tmtatktet tstetntstet totft tvtitdtetot tdtatttat titnt tHtCtIt,t .titnt tNtatrtdtit,t tBt.t t(tetdt.t)t tCtotntttetxttt tatntdt tctotntstctitotutstntetstst.t tAtctttitvtitttyt ttthtetotrtyt tatntdt thtutmtatnt tctotmtptutttetrt titntttetrtatctttitotnt,t tMtItTt tPtrtetstst,t t1t4t7t-t1t7t4t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t(t1t9t9t8t)t.t tUtntdtetrtstttatntdtitntgt trtetptrtetstetntttatttitotnt titnt td .tetstitgtnt.t tHtutmtatnt-tCtotmtptutttetrt tItntttetrtatctttitotnt t1t3t(t2t)t t1t0t7t-t1t2t5t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t(t2t0t0t0tat)t.t t tStctetntatrtitotst t-t tstetttttitntgt ttthtet tstttatgtet tftotrt trtetftltetctttitotnt tatntdt tatctttitotnt titnt .tutstetrt-tctetntttetrtetdt tdtetstitgtnt,t tItntttetrtatctttitntgt twtitttht tctotmtptutttetrtst t1t3t(t1t)t:t t6t1t-t7t7t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t(t2t0t0t0tbt)t.t tMtetdtitatttitntgt tttetcthtntitctatlt tptltatttftotrtmtst tttot tstutptptotrttt ttthtet tdtetvtetltotptmtetnttt totft tsthtatrtetdt twtotrtkt tptrtatctttitctetst,t tCtAtCtMt tNtotvtetmtbtetrt t2t0t0t0t,t t4t3t t(t1t1t)t tVtitrtttutatlt tetxtttetntstitotnt.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t(t2t0t0t3t)t.t tAt tftotrt tatltttetrtntatttitvtetst.t tStctatntdtitntatvtitatnt tJtotutrtntatlt totft tItntftotrtmtatttitotnt tStytstttetmtst t1t5t,t(t1t)t:t t8t7t-t8t9t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t(t2t0t0t6t)t.t tWthtetnt tstetctotntdt twtatvtet tHtCtIt tmtetetttst ttthtitrtdt twtatvtet tcthtatltltetntgtetst.t tPtrtotct.t tNtotrtdtitCtHtIt’t0t6t,t t1t-t8t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t(t2t0t1t5t)t.t tTthtitrtdt-twtatvtet tHtCtIt,t t1t0t tytetatrtst tltatttetrt-tptatrtttitctitptatttitotnt tatntdt tsthtatrtitntgt.t titntttetrtatctttitotntst t2t2t,t t5t t t2t4t-t3t1t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t&t tAtntdtetrtstetnt,t tPt.t tBt.t t(t2t0t0t5t)t.t tC .totmtptltetxt tmtetdtitatttitotnt.t tHtutmtatnt tCtotmtptutttetrt tItntttetrtatctttitotnt,t t2t0t(t2t)t:t t3t5t3t-t4t0t2t.

Bødker, S. & Christiansen, E. (1997). .

.Bødker, S. (1999). Computer Applications as Mediators of Design and Use-A Developmental Perspective. Report DAIMI PB-542

ctetntatrtitotst tatst tstptrtitntgtbtotatrtdtst titnt tdtetstitgtnt.t tItnt tBtotwtktetrt,t tGt.t,t tettt tatlt.t t t(tetdtst.t)t,t tStotctitatlt tstctitetntctet trtetstetatrtctht,t tttetcthtntitctatlt tstytstttetmtst tatntdt tctototptetrtatttitvtet twtotrtkt.t tEtrtltbtatutmt,t tptpt.t t2t1t7t-t2t3t4t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t&t tCthtrtitstttitatntstetnt,t tEt.t t(t2t0t0t4t)t.t tDtetstitgtntitntgt tftotrt tetpthtetmtetrtatltitttyt tatntdt tptrtotttotttytptitctatltitttyt.t tPtrtotct.t tDtItSt t2t0t0t4t,t t2t5t5t t-t t2t6t0t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t&t tCthtrtitstttitatntstetnt,t tEt.t t(t2t0t1t2t)t.t tPtotetttrtyt titnt tmtotttitotnt–tatptptrtotptrtitatttitotnt totft ttthtet twtotrtltdt totft tAtptptst.t tPtrtotct.t tEtCtCtEt t2t0t1t2t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t&t tKtltotktmtotstet,t tCt.t tNt.t t(t2t0t1t1t)t.t tTthtet tHtutmtatnt-tAtrtttitftatcttt tMtotdtetlt t–t tAtnt tAtctttitvtitttyt tTthtetotrtetttitctatlt tAtptptrtotatctht tttot tAtrtttitftatcttt .tEtctotltotgtitetst.t tHtutmtatnt-tCtotmtptutttetrt tItntttetrtatctttitotnt.t t2t6t(t4t)t:t t3t1t5t-t3t7t1t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t&t tKtltotktmtotstet,t tCt.t tNt.t t(t2t0t1t2t)t.t tDtytntatmtitctst titnt .tatrtttitftatcttt tetctotltotgtitetst,t tPtrtotct.t tNtotrtdtitCtHtIt t't1t2t,t t4t4t8t-t4t5t7t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t&t tKtltotktmtotstet,t tCt.t tNt.t t(t2t0t1t6t)t.t tDtytntatmtitctst,t tMtutltttitptltitctitttyt tatntdt tCtotntctetptttutatlt tBtltetntdtst titnt tHtCtIt.t tPtrtotct.t tCtHtIt’t1t6t t2t5t3t8t-t2t5t4t8t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t&t tPtotltltit,t tAt.t tMt.t t(t2t0t1t4t)t.t tBtetttwtetetnt tItntitttitatlt tFtatmtitltitatrtitttyt tatntdt tFtutttutrtet tUtstet:t tAt tCtatstet totft tCtotltltotctatttetdt tCtotltltatbtotrtatttitvtet tWtrtitttitntgt.t tPtrtotct.t tCtOtOtPt t2t0t1t4t,t tptpt.t1t3t7t-t1t5t4t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t tEthtnt,t tPt.t,t tKtatmtmtetrtstgtatatrtdt,t tJt.t,t tKtytntgt,t tMt.t,t t&t tYt.t tStutntdtbtltatdt t(t1t9t8t7t)t.t tAt tUtttotptitatnt tEtxtptetrtitetntctet.t .tItnt tBtjtetrtktntetst,t tGt.t,t tEthtnt,t tPt.t t&t tKtytntgt,t tMt.t,t t(tEtdtst.t)t.t tCtotmtptutttetrtst tatntdt tDtetmtotctrtatctyt t–t tat tStctatntdtitntatvtitatnt tCthtatltltetntgtet,t tAtvtetbtutrtyt,t tptp .t.t t2t5t1t–t2t7t8t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t tHt.t tKtotrtstgtatatrtdt t&t tCt.tNt.t tKtltotktmtotstet t(t2t0t1t6tct)t.t tCtotmtptutttatttitotntatlt tatltttetrtntatttitvtetst titnt tptatrtttitctitptatttotrtyt tdtetstitgtnt t-t tPtutttttitntgt ttthtet tTt tbtatctkt titnt tStotctitot-tTtetcthtntitctatlt trtetstetatrtctht.t tPtDtC .t t2t0t1t6t t(titnt tptrtetstst)t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t tPt.t tEthtnt,t tJt.t tKtntutdtstetnt,t tMt.t tKtytntgt t&t tKt tMtatdtstetnt(t1t9t8t8t)t.t tCtotmtptutttetrt tstutptptotrttt tftotrt tcto .totptetrtatttitvtet tdtetstitgtnt,t tPtrtotct.t tCtStCtWt’t8t8t,t t3t7t7t-t3t9t4t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t,t t&t tGtrtötntvtatltlt,t tEt.t t(t2t0t1t3t)t.t tCtatltetntdtatrtst:t tTtitmtet tctototrtdtitntatttitotnt tatntdt totvtetr .tvtitetwt titnt tftatmtitltitetst tatntdt tbtetytotntdt.t tPtr atotct.t tEtCtStCtWt2t0t1t3t,t t t6t3t-t8t2t.

Bødker, S., Kristensen, J. F., Nielsen, C. & Sperschneider, W. (2003). Technology for Boundaries

. B ø d k e r , S . C l e m e n s N y l a n d s t e d K l o k m o s e , M a t t h i a s K o r n , a n d A n n a M a r i a P o l l i . ( 2 0 1 4 b ) . P a r t i c i p a t o r y I T i n s e m i - p u b l i c s p a c e s . I n P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 8 t h N o r d i c C o n f e r e n c e o n H u m a n - C o m p u t e r I n t e r a c t i o n : F u n , F a s t , F o u n d a t i o n a l ( N o r d i C H I ' 1 4 ) . A C M , N e w Y o r k , N Y , U S A , 7 6 5 - 7 7 4 . D O I = 1 0 . 1 1 4 5 / 2 6 3 9 1 8 9 . 2 6 3 9 2 1 2 h t t p : / / d o i . a c m . o r g / 1 0 . 1 1 4 5 / 2 6 3 9 1 8 9 . 2 6 3 9 2 1 2t.t tItnt tPtrtotct.t tGtRtOtUtPt't0t3t,t t3t1t1t t–t t3t2t0t.

Btøtdtktetrt,t tStutstatntntet,t tHtetntrtitkt tKtotrtstgtatatrtdt,t tatntdt tJtotatntntat tStatatdt-tStutltotntetnt.t t2t0t1t6t.t t'tAt tFtatrtmtetrt,t tat tPtltatctet tatntdt tattt tltetatsttt t2t0t tMtetmtbtetrtst't:t tTthtet tDtetvtetltotptmtetnttt totft tAtrtttitftatcttt tEtctotltotgtitetst titnt tVtotltutntttetetrt-tbtatstetdt tCtotmtmtutntitttitetst. .t tItnt tPtrtotctetetdtitntgtst totft ttthtet t1t9tttht tAtCtMt tCtotntftetrtetntctet totnt tCtotmtptutttetrt-tStutptptotrtttetdt tCtototptetrtatttitvtet tWtotrtkt t&t tStotctitatlt tCtotmtptutttitntgt t(tCtStCtWt t't1t6t)t.t tAtCtMt,t tNtetwt tYtotrtkt,t tNtYt,t tUtStAt,t t1t1t4t2t-t1t1t5t6t.t tDtOtIt:t thtttttptst:t/t/tdtotit.totrtgt/t1t0t.t1t1t4t5t/t2t8t1t8t0t4t8t.t2t8t2t0t0t2t9

Btøtdtktetrt,t tStutstatntntet,t tHtetntrtitkt tKtotrtstgtatatrtdt,t tPtetttetrt tLtytltet,t tatntdt tJtotatntntat tStatatdt-tStutltotntetnt.t t2t0t1t6t.t tHtatptptetntstttatntctet,t tStttrtatttetgti .tetst tatntdt tTtatctttitctst:t tItntttrtitntstitct tDtetstitgtnt titnt tat tVtotltutntttetetrt-tbtatstetdt tCtotmtmtutntitttyt.t tItnt tPtrtotctetetdtitntgtst totft ttthtet t9tttht tNtotrtdtitct tCtotntftetrtetntctet totnt tHtutmtatnt-tCtotmtptutttetrt tItntttetrtatctttitotnt t(tNtotrtdtitCtHtIt t't1t6t)t.t tAtCtMt,t tNtetwt tYtotrtkt,t tNtYt,t tUtStAt,t tAtrtttitctltet t1t0t,t t1t0t tptatgtetst.t tDtOtIt:t thtttttptst:t/t/tdtotit.totrtgt/t1t0t.t1t1t4t5t/t2t9t7t1t4t8t5t.t2t9t7t1t5t6t4

Btothtøtjt,t tM .t.t,t tBtotrtcthtotrtsttt,t tNt.t tGt.t,t tBtøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t,t tKtotrtnt,t tMt.t,t t&t tZtatntdtetrt,t tPt.t tOt.t t(t2t0t1t1 at)t.t tPtutbtltitct tdtetltitbtetrtatttitotnt titnt tmtutntitctitptatlt tptltatntntitntgt:t tStutptptotrtttitntgt tatctttitotnt tatntdt trtetftltetctttitotnt twtitttht tmtotbtitltet tttetcthtntotltotgtyt.t tPtrtotct.t tCtotmtmtutntitttitetst t&t tTtetcthtntotltotgtitetst't1t1t,t t t8t8t-t9t7t.

Bohøj, M., Borchorst, N. G., Bouvin, N. O. Bødker, S., & Zander. P. O. (201-

B ø d k e r , S . , L a r s e n - L e d e t , I . , R o q u e , L . & T h o m a s , T . T a m i n g a R u n - A w a y O V j e c t : H o w t o . M a i n t a i n a n d E x t e n d H u m a n C o n t r o l i n H u m a n - C o m p u t e r I n t e r a c t i o n ? W o r k s h o p p b a p e r C H I 2 0 1 8 .t0t)t.t tTtitmtetltitntet tctotltltatbtotrtatttitotnt.t tPtrtotct.t tCtHtIt't1t0t,t t5t2t3t-t5t3t2t.

Btotrtcthtotrtsttt,t tNt.t tGt.t t&t tBtøtdtktetrt,t tSt.t t(t2t0t1t1t)t.t tYtotut tptrtotbtatbtltyt tsthtotutltdtnt’ttt tgtitvtet ttthtetmt tttotot tmtutctht titntftotrtmtatttitotnt t-t tttotwtatrtdtst tctitttitztetnt-tgtotvtetrtntmtetnttt tctotltltatbtotrtatttitotnt.t t tPtrtotct.t tEtCtStCtWt't1t1t,t t1t7t3t-t1t9t2t.

Borchorst, N. G. Bødker, S. & Zander P. O.

.Bødker, S., Larsen-Ledet, I., Roque, L. & Thomas, V. Taming a Run-Away Object: How to Maintain and Extend Human Control in Human-Computer Interaction? Workshop paper CHI 2018.

. B ø d k e r , M a c k a y a n d B e a u d o i n - L a f o n i n p r e pt .t(t2t0t0t9t)t.t tTthtet tbtotutntdtatrtitetst totft tptatrtttitctitptatttotrtyt tctitttitztetntsthtitpt.t tPtrtotct.t tEtCtStCtWt't0t9t,t t1t–t2t0t.

Btotwtktetrt,t tGt.t t&t tStttatrt,t tSt.tLt.t t(t1t9t9t9t)t.t tStotrtttitntgt tTthtitntgtst tOtuttt:t tCtltatststitftitctatttitotnt tatntdt tItttst tCtotntstetqtutetntctetst.t tMtItTt tPtrtetstst.

Btrtatttttetttetitgt,t tTt.t t&t tWtatgtntetrt tIt.t t(t2t0t1t2t)t.t tStptatctetst tftotr .tltitntet tetntctytctltotptetdtitat.t tPtrtotctetetdtitntgtst totft ttthtet t2t0t0t5t titntttetrtntatttitotntatlt tAtCtMt tStItGtGtRtOtUtPt tctotntftetrtetntctet totnt tStutptptotrtttitntgt tgtrtotutpt twtotrtkt,t tptpt.t t1t t–t t1t0t.

Ctatrtrtotltl .t,t tJt.t tMt.t t&t tRtotststotnt,t tMt.t t(t1t9t9t2t)t.t tGtetttttitntgt tatrtotutntdt ttthtet tttatstkt-tatrtttitftatcttt tctytctltet:t thtotwt tttot tmtatktet tctltatitmtst tatntdt tdtetstitgtnt tbtyt tstctetntatrtitot.t tAtCtMt tTtrtatntstatctttitotntst totft tItntftotrtmtatttitotnt tStytstttetmtst t1t0t(t2t)t:t t1t8t1 .t-t2t1t2t.

Ctatrtrtotltlt,t tJtetntntyt,t tStttetvtet tHtotwtatrtdt,t tFtrtatntkt tVtetttetrtet,t tJt.t tPtetctkt,t tatntdt tJt.t tMtutrtpthtyt.t t2t0t0t2t.t tJtutsttt tWthtattt tDtot ttthtet tYtotutttht totft tTtotdtatyt tWtatnttt?t tTtetcthtntotltotgtyt tAtptptrtotptrtitatttitotnt tbtyt tYtotutntgt tPtetotptltet.t tItnt tPtrtotctetetdtitntgtst totft ttthtet t3t5tttht tAtntntutatlt tHtatwtatitit tItntttetrtntatttitotntatlt tCtotn .tftetrtetntctet totnt tStytstttetmt tStctitetntctetst t(tHtItCtStSt't0t2t)t-tVtotltutmtet t5t t-t tVtotltutmtet t5t t(tHtItCtStSt t't0t2t)t,t tVtotlt.t t5t.t tItEtEtEt tCtotmtptutttetrt tStotctitettty .t,t tWtatsthtitntgtttotnt,t tDtCt,t tUtStAt,t t1t3t1t.t2t-t.

Cthtatltmtetrtst,t tMt.t t&t tGtatltatntit,t tAt.t t(t2t0t0t4t)t.t tStetatmtftutlt titntttetrtwtetatvtitntgt:t thtetttetrtotgtetntetitttyt titnt ttthtet ttthtetotrtyt tatntdt tdtetstitgtnt totft titntttetrtatctttitvtet tstytstttetmtst.t t tPtrtotct.t tDtItSt t't0t4t.t t2t4t3t-t2t5t2t.

Ctltetmtetnttt,t tAt.t t(t1t9t9t4t)t.t tCtotmtptutttitntgt tattt twtotrtkt:t tEtmtptotwtetrtitntgt tatctttitotnt tbtyt t“tltotwt-tltetvtetlt tutstetrtst”t.t tCtAtCtMt,t t3t7t:t1t,t tpt.t t5t2t-t6t3t.

Ctltetmtetnttt,t tAt.t,t tMtctPthtatitlt,t tBt.t,t tStmtitttht,t tKt.tLt.t t&t tFtetrtetntbtotkt.t tJt.t t(t2t0t1t2t)t tPtrtotbtitntgt,t tmtotctktitntgt tatntdt tptrtotttotttytptitntgt:t tPtatrtttitctitptatttotrtyt tatptptrtotatcthtetst tttot titdtetntttitttyt titntftrtatstttr .tutctttutrtitntgt,t tPtrtotct.t tPtDtCt t2t0t1t2t,t t2t1t-t3t0t.

Dtotutrtitstht,t tPt.t t(t2t0t0t1t)t.t tWthtetrtet ttthtet tAtctttitotnt tItst:t tTthtet tFtotutntdtatttitotntst totft tEtmtbtotdtitetdt tItntttetrtatctttitotnt.t tMtItTt tPtrtetstst.

Dtotutrtitstht,t tPt.t t(t2t0t1t5t)t.t tNtottt ttthtet titntttetrtntettt,t tbtuttt ttthtitst titntttetrtntettt:t thtotwt tottthtetrtntetttst titltltutmtitntatttet totutrt tftetutdtatlt titntttetrtntettt.t tPtrtotct.t tFtitftttht tDtetctetntntitatlt tAtatrthtutst tCtotntftetrtetntctet totnt tCtrtitttitctatlt tAtltttetrtntatttitvtetst,t t1t5t7t-t1t6t8t.

Dtotutrtitstht,t tPt.t,t t&t tMt.t t tMtatztmtatntitatnt t(t2t0t1t3t)t.t tMte .tdtitat tatst tmtatttetrtitatlt:t tItntftotrtmtatttitotnt trtetptrtetstetntttatttitotntst tatst tmtatttetrtitatlt tftotutntdtatttitotntst tftotrt totrtgtatntitztatttitotntatlt tptrtatctttitctet,t tOtrtgtatntitztatttitotntatlt tStttutdtitetst,t tptpt.t t9t2t.

Ethtnt,t tPt.t t(t1t9t8t8t)t.t tWtotrtkt-totrtitetntttetdt tdtetstitgtnt totft tctotmtptutttetrt tatrtttitftatctttst.t tEtatrtltbtatutmt.

Etntgtetstttrtötmt,t tYt.t t(t1t9t8t7t)t:t tLtetatrtntitntgt tbtyt tEtxtptatntdtitntgt:t tAtnt tatctttitvtitttyt-ttthtetotrtetttitctatlt tatptptrtotatctht tttot tdtetvtetltotptmtetntttatlt trtetstetatrtctht,t tOtrtitetntttat-tKtotntstutltttittt.

Etntgtetstttrtötmt,t tYt.t t(t2t0t0t7t)t.t tFtrtotmt tctotmtmtutntitttitetst totft tptrtatctttitctet tttot tmtytctotrtrthtitztatet.t tItnt tJt.t tHtutgthtetst,t tNt.t tJtetwtstotnt t&t .tLt.t tUtntwtitnt t(tEtdtst.t)t,t tCtotmtmtutntitttitetst totft tptrtatctttitctet:t tCtrtitttitctatlt tptetrtstptetctttitvtetst.t tRtotutttltetdtgtet.

Etntgtetstttrtötmt,t tYt.t t&t tEtstctatltatntttet,t tVt.t t(t1t9t9t6t)t.t tMtutntdtatntet tttototlt totrt totbtjtetcttt totft tatftftetctttitotnt?t tTthtet trtitstet tatntdt tftatltlt totft ttthtet tPtotstttatlt tBtutdtdtyt.t tItnt tNtatrtdtit,t tBt.t t(tEtdt.t)t.t tCtotntttetxttt tatntdt tctotntstctitotutstntetstst.t tAtctttitvtitttyt ttthtetotrtyt tatntdt thtutmtatnt tctotmtptutttetrt titntttetrtatctttitotnt,t tMtItTt tPtrtetstst,t tptpt.t t3t2t5t-t3t7t4t.

Etntgtetstttrtötmt,t tYt.t,t tBtrtotwtnt,t tKt.t,t tCthtrtitstttotpthtetrt,t tLt.t tatntdt tGtrtetgtotrtyt,t tJt.t t(t1t9t9t7t)t.t tCtototrtdtitntatttitotnt,t tCtototptetrtatttitotnt,t tatntdt tCtotmtmtutntitctatttitotnt titnt ttthtet tctotutrtttst.t tItnt tCtotltet,t tMt.t,t tEtntgtetstttrtötmt,t tYt.t,t tatntdt tVtatstqtutetzt,t tOt.t t(tEtdtst.t)t tMtitntdt,t tCtutltttutrtet,t tatntdt tAtctttitv .titttyt,t tptpt.t t3t6t9t–t3t8t5t.

Ftatutctotntntitetrt,t tGtitltltetst tatntdt tMtatrtkt tTtutrtntetrt.t t2t0t0t8t.t tTthtet twtatyt twtet ttthtitntkt:t tCtotntctetptttutatlt tbtltetntdtitntgt tatntdt ttthtet tmtitntdt'tst thtitdtdtetnt tctotmtp .tltetxtitttitetst.t tBtatstitct tBtototktst.

Gtatvtetrt,t tWt.t,t tBtotutcthtetrt,t tAt.t,t tPtetntntitntgtttotnt,t tSt.t,t tatntdt tWtatltktetrt,t tBt.t t(t2t0t0t4t)t.t tCtutltttutrtatlt tPtrtotbtetst tatntdt ttthtet tvtatltutet totft tutntctetrtttatitntttyt.t tItntttetrtatctttitotntst,t tVtotltutmtet tXtIt.t5t,t tptpt.t t5t3t-t5t6t.

Gtrtotstst,t tSt.t,t tBtatrtdtztetltlt,t tJt.t t&t tBtatrtdtztetltlt,t tSt.t t(t2t0t1t3t)t.t tStttrtutctttutrtetst,t tftotrtmtst,t tatntdt tstttutftft:t ttthtet tmtatttetrtitatltitttyt tatntdt tmtetdtitutmt totft titntttetrtatctttitotnt.t tPtetrtstotntatlt tatntdt tUtbtitqtutitttotutst tCtotmtptutttitntgt,t tptpt.t t1t-t1t3t.

Htatgtetnt,t tPt.t,t tRtotbtetrtttstotnt,t tTt.t t(t2t0t1t0t)t.t tStotctitatlt tttetcthtntotltotgtitetst:t tcthtatltltetntgtetst tatn .tdt totptptotrtttutntitttitetst tftotrt tptatrtttitctitptatttitotnt.t tPtrtotct.t tPtDtCt t't1t0t.t t3t1t-t4t0t.

Htatltstktotvt,t tKt.t,t tDtatltstgtåtrtdt,t tPt.t t(t2t0t0t6t)t.t tItntstptitrtatttitotnt tCtatrtdt tWtotrtktsthtotptst.t tPtrtotct.t tDtItSt t2t0t0t6t.t t2t-t1t1t.

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.Engeström et al 2010n.Fritsch, J., Pold, S. B., Vestergaard, L. S., & Lucas, M. (2014). INK - Designing for Performative Literary Interactions. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 18(7), 1551-1565. 10.1007/s00779-014-0767-2

et.t tPtrtotct.t tDtItSt t't1t4t.t t3t5t-t3t8t.

Htatrtttstotnt,t tHt.tRt.t t(t2t0t0t3t)t.t tCtotgtntitttitvtet,t tpthtytstitctatlt,t tstetntstotrtyt,t tatntdt tftutntctttitotntatlt tatftftotrtdtatntctetst titnt titntttetrtatctttitotnt tdtetstitgtnt,t tBtethtatvtitotrt tatntdt tItntftotrtmtatttitotnt tTtetcthtntotltotgtyt,t tvtotlt.t t2t2t,t tntot.t t5t,t t3t1t5t-t3t3t8t.

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.Gibson J. J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH), Boston.

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atttitotnt tftotrt thtutmtatnt-tctotmtptutttetrt titntttetrtatctttitotnt trtetstetatrtctht.t tAtCtMt tTtrtatntst.t tCtotmtptuttt.t-tHtutmt.t tItntttetrtatcttt.t t7t(t2t)t:t1t7t4t-t1t9t6t.

Hornbæk, Kasper and Antti Oulasvirta. 2017. What Is Interaction?. In G

.trtotctetetdtitntgtst totft ttthtet t2t0t1t7t tCtHtIt tCtotntftetrtetntctet totnt tHtutmtatnt tFtatctttotrtst titnt tCtotmtptutttitntgt tStytstttetmtst t(tCtHtIt t't1t7t)t.t tAtCtMt,t tNtetwt tYtotrtkt,t tNtYt,t tUtStAt,t t5t0t4t0t-t5t0t5t2t.t tDtO .tIt:t thtttttptst:t/t/tdtotit.totrtgt/t1t0t.t1t1t4t5t/t3t0t2t5t4t5t3t.t3t0t2t5t7t6t5

Htutttcthtitntst,t tEt.t t&t tKtltatutstetnt,t tTt.t t(t1t9t9t6t)t.t tDtitstttrti .tbtutttetdt tctotgtntitttitotnt titnt tatnt tatitrtltitntet tctotctktptittt,t tEtntgtetstttrtötmt,t tYt.t t&t tMtitdtdtltetttotnt,t tDt.t t(tetdtst.t)t tCtotgtntitttitotnt tatntdt tCtotmtmtutntitctatttitotn .t tattt tWtotrtkt.t tCtUtPt,t tptpt.t1t5t-t3t4t.

Jetter, H.-C., Reiterer, H. & Geyer, F. (2014). Blended Interaction: understanding natural human-computer interaction in post-WIMP interaA

. H a s s e , C . 2 0 1 3 A r t e f a c t s t h a t t a l k : M e d i a t i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s . S u b j e c t i v i t y 5 6 ( 1 ) 2 0 1 3 . a s m u l t i s t a b l e s i g n s a n d t o o l sc .Heath & Luff (1996). Documents and Professional Practice:'bad' organisational reasons for 'good' clinical records

.tttitvtet tstptatctetst.t tPtetrtstotntatlt tUtbtitqtutitttotutst tCtotmtptuttt.t t1t8t(t5t)t:t1t1t3t9t-t1t1t5t8t.

Ktatptttetltitntitnt,t tVt.t t&t tNtatrtdtit,t tBt.t t(t2t0t0t6t)t tAtctttitntgt twtitttht tttetcthtntotltotgtyt,t tCtatmtbtrtitdtgtet,t tMtAt:t tMtItTt tptrtetstst.

Kaptelinin, V. and Bannon, L.J. (2012):

. H ö ö k , K . a n d J o n a s L ö w g r e n . 2 0 1 2 . S t r o n g c o n c e p t s : I n t e r m e d i a t e - l e v e l k n o w l e d g e i n i n t e r a c t i o n d e s i g n r e s e a r c h . A C M T r a n s . C o m p u t . - H u m . I n t e r a c t . 1 9 , 3 , A r t i c l e 2 3 ( O c t o b e r 2 0 1 2 ) , 1 8 p a g e s . D O I : h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 1 4 5 / 2 3 6 2 3 6 4 . 2 3 6 2 3 7 1t .tItntttetrtatctttitotnt tdtetstitgtnt tbtetytotntdt ttthtet tptrtotdtutcttt:t tCtrtetatttitntgt tttetcthtntotltotgtyt-tetnthtatntctetdt tatctttitvtitttyt tstptatctetst,t tHtutmtatnt–tCtotmtptutttetrt tItntttetrtatctttitotnt t2t7t t(t3t)t,t t2t7t7t-t3t0t9

Ktatrtatstttit,t tHt.t,t tKt.tSt.t tBtatktetrt tatntdt tFt.t tMtitltltetrtatntdt t(t2t0t1t0t)t.t tItntftrtatstttrtutctttutrtet tTtitmtet:t tLtotntgtTtetrtmt tMtatttttetrtst titnt tCtotltltatbtotrtatttitvtet tDtetvtetl .totptmtetnttt.t tJt.t tCtotmtptutttetrt tStutptptotrtttetdt tCtototptetrtatttitvtet tWtotrtkt,t t1t9t(t3t4t)t:t t3t7t7t-t4t1t5t.

Kautz, K. (2009). Inclusive Design in Practice: A Study of Participatory DeKarpatschof , B . (1984 ). Græn .sen for automatisering. Psyke & Logos(1984).

stitgtnt,t tCtutstttotmtetrt tatntdt tUtstetrt tItntvtotltvtetmtetnttt titnt tAtgtitltet tStotftttwtatrtet tDtetvtetltotptmtetnttt.t tPtrtotct.t tItRtItSt t3t2t,t tptpt.t t2t1t7t-t2t3t0t.

Ktatyt,t tAt.t t(t1t9t8t4t)t.t tCtotmtptutttetrt tstotftttwtatrtet,t tStctitetntttitftitct tAtmtetrtitctatnt t2t5 .t1t t(t3t)t t4t0t-t4t8t.

Ktetetgtatnt,t tBt.tCt.t,t tSt.t tLtetvt,t t&t tOt.t tAtrtatztyt t(t2t0t1t6t)t.t tAtntatltytztitntgt tOtrtgtatntitztatttitotntatlt tRtotuttti .tntetst titnt tOtntltitntet tKtntotwtltetdtgtet tCtotltltatbtotrtatttitotntst:t tAt tCtatstet tftotrt tStetqtutetntctet tAtntatltytstitst titnt tCtStCtWt.t tItnt tPtrtotct.t tCtStCtWt t't1t6t,t t1t0t6t5t-t1t0t7t9

Ktltotktmtotstet tCt.tNt t&t tBtetrtttetltstetnt,t tOt,t t(t2t0t1t3t)t.t tTthtet tMtytstttetrtitotutst tWthtitttetbtotatr .tdt,t tPtrtotct.t tItntttetrtatcttt t2t0t1t3t,t t3t7t-t5t4t.

Ktltotktmtotstet,t tCt.tNt.t,t tJt.tRt.t t tEtatgtatnt,t tSt.t tBtatatdtetrt,t tWt.t tMtatctktatyt t&t tMt.t tBtetatutdtotutitnt-tLtatftotnt t(t2t0t1t5t)t.t tWtetbtstttrtatttetst:t tSthtatrtetatbtltet tDtytntatmtitct tMtetdtitat.t tItnt tPtrtotct.t tUtItStTt’t1t5t,t t2t8t0t-t2t9t0t.

.tKtotrtstgtatatrtdt,t tHt.t tTtotwtatrtdt tPtltatctet-tCtetntttrtitct tCtotmtptutttitntgt:t tMtatktitntgt tPtltatctet tWtitttht tTtetcthtntotltotg .tyt tTtotgtettthtetrt,t tPthtDt ttthtetstitst,t t2t0t1t6t.

Ltitmt,t tYt.tKt.t,t tStttotltttetrtmtatnt,t tEt.t t&t tTtetntetntbtetrtgt,t tJt.t t(t2t0t0t8t)t.t tTthtet tatntatttotmtyt totft tptrtotttotttytptetst:t tPtrtotttotttytptetst tatst tftitltttetrtst,t tptrtotttotttytptetst tatst tmtatntitftetstttatttitotntst totft tdtetstitgtnt titd .tetatst.t tAtCtMt tTtrtatntst.t tCtotmtptuttt.t-tHtutmt.t tItntttetrtatcttt.t t1t5t,t t2t,t t7t.

Ltötwtgtrtetnt,t tJt.t t&t tStttotltttetr .tmtatnt,t tEt.t t(t2t0t0t4t)t.t tTthtotutgthtttftutlt titntttetrtatctttitotnt tdtetstitgtnt:t tAt tdtetstitgtnt tptetrtstptetctttitvtet totnt titntftotrtmtatttitotnt tttetcthtntotltotgtyt.t tMtItTt tPtrtetstst.

MtctCtatrttthtyt,t tJt.t t&t tWtrtitgthttt,t tPt.t tTtetcthtntotltotgtyt tatst tEtxtptetrtitetntctet.t tMtItTt tPtrtetstst t2t0t0t4t.

Mtotgtetntstetnt,t tPt.t t&t tTtrtitgtgt,t tRt.t t(t1t9t9t2t)t.t tAtrtttitftatctttst tatst tttrtitgtgtetrtst tftotrt tptatrtttitctitptatttotrtyt tatntatltytstitst.t tPtrtotct.t tPtDtCt’t9t2t.t tptpt.t t5t5t-t6t2t.

Morrison, A., A. Oulasvirta, P. Peltonen, S. Lemmela, G. Jacucci, G. Reitmayr, J. Näsänen, and A. Juustila (2009). Like bees around. K l o k m o s e & K o r s g a a r d i n p r e p .

ttthtet thtitvtet:t tat tctotmtptatrtatttitvtet tstttutdtyt totft tat tmtotbtitltet tatutgtmtetntttetdt trtetatltitttyt tmtatpt.t tItnt tPtrtotct tCtHtIt t't0t9t t1t8t8t9t-t1t8t9t8t.

Ntitctotltitntit,t tDtatvtitdtet,t tMtetntgtitst,t tJtetatntntet tatntdt tStwtatnt,t tJtatctktyt.t t(t2t0t1t2t)t tUtntdtetrtstttatntdtitntgt ttthtet trtotltet totft totbtjtetctttst titnt tctrtotstst-tdtitstctitptltitntatrtyt tctotltltatbtotrtatttitotnt.t tOtrtgtatntitztatttitotnt tStctitetntctet,t tVtotltutmtet t2t3t t.t tptpt.t t6t1t2t-t6t2t9t.t tItStStNt t1t0t4t7t-t7t0t3t9t.

Ntotrtmtatnt,t tD .t.t tAt.t t(t1t9t9t9t)t.t tAtftftotrtdtatntctet,t tctotntvtetntttitotntst,t tatntdt tdtetstitgtnt,t titntttetrtatctttitotntst,t tvt.t t6t tnt.t t3t,t tptpt.t t3t8t-t4t3t,t t1t9t9t9t.

Ot’tHtatrtat tKt.t,t tKtjtetltdtstktotvt tJt.t t&t tPtatatyt tJt.t t( .t2t0t1t1t)t tBtltetntdtetdt tItntttetrtatctttitotnt tStptatctetst tftotrt tDtitstttrtitbtutttetdt tTtetatmt tCtotltltatbtotrtatttitotnt.t tAtCtMt tTtrtatntst.t tCtotmtptuttt.t-tHtutmt.t tItntttetrtatcttt,t t1t8t(t1t)t.

Ptatltetnt,t tLt.t,t tKt.tMt.t tAtntdtetrtstotnt,t tGt.t tMtatrtkt,t tJt.t tMtatrtttitnt,t tDt.t tStitctktetrt,t tMt.t tPtatltmtetrt t&t tDt.t tGtrtutntwtatltdt t(t2t0t1t0t)t.t tAt tvtitstitotnt tftotrt tttetcthtntotltotgtyt-tmtetdtitatttetdt tstutptptotrttt tftotrt tptutbtltitct tptatrtttitctitptatttitotnt t&t tatststitstttatntctet titnt tmtatstst tetmtetrtgtetntctitetst t&t tdtitstatstttetrtst.t tItnt tPtrtotct.t tAtCtMt-tBtCtSt t't1t0t t1t2t tptatgtetst.

Ptitetrtctet,t tJt.t t&t tPtatutltotst,t tEt.t t(t2t0t1t3t)t.t tEtltetctttrtitct tmtatttetrtitatltitttitetst tatntd .t titntttetrtatctttitvtet tttetcthtntotltotgtyt.t tPtrtotct tCtHtIt2t0t1t3t,t t1t1t9t-t1t2t8t.

Ptitptetkt,t tVt.t tatntdt tWtutltft,t tVt.t t(t2t0t0t9t)t:t tItntftrtatstttrtutctttutrtitntgt:t tTtotwtatrtdtst tatnt tItntttetgtrtatttetdt tPtetrtstptetctttitvtet totnt ttthtet tDtetstitgtnt tatntdt tUtstet totft tItntftotrtmtatttitotnt tTtetcthtntotltotgtyt.t tJtotutrtntatlt totft .ttthtet tAtststotctitatttitotnt tftotrt tItntftotrtmtatttitotnt tStytstttetmtst,t t1t0t(t5t)t:t t4t4t7t-t4t7t3t.

Raeithel, A. (1996). From coordinatedness to.Nouwens Midas and Clemens Nylandsted Klokmose. 2018. The Application and Its Consequences for Non-Standard Knowledge Work. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA

.t tCtototrtdtitntatttitotnt tvtitat tCtototptetrtatttitotnt tatntdt tCtot-tctotntstttrtutctttitotnt.t tWtotrtktsthtotpt totnt tWtotrtkt tatntdt tLtetatrtntitntgt titnt tTtrtatntstitttitotnt,t tStatnt tDtitetgtot,t tJtatntutatrtyt.

Rtotbtitntstotnt,t tMt t(t1t9t9t2t)t.t tItntttrtotdtutctt .titotnt tttot t"tctotmtmtotnt tatrtttetftatcttt"t.t tCtOtMtItCt-tStFt-t4t-t1t.

Robles, E. & Wiberg, M. (2010). Texturing the material turn in interaction design. Proc. TEI’2010. ACM, pp. 137-144.

R o q u e , L . ( 2 0 0 5 ) . A S o c i o t e c h n i c a l C o n j e c t u r e a b o u t t h e C o n t e x t a n d D e v e l o p . m e n t o f M u l t i p l a y e r O n l i n e G a m e E x p e r i e n c e s , D i G R A ’ 0 5 - P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 2 0 0 5 D i G R A I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r . e n c e : C h a n g i n g V i e w s : W o r l d s i n P l a y . h t t p : / / w w w . d i g r a . o r g / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / d i g i t a l - l i b r a r y / 0 6 2 7 6 . 2 2 4 7 8 . p d f

Rtotttht tWtMt,t tJtotrtntettt tAt.t tTthtetotrtitztitntgt twtitttht/totuttt t"tMtetdtitatttotrtst"t t tItntttetgtrt tPtstytcthtotlt tBtethtatvt tStctit.t t2t0t1t7t tJtatnt t5t.t .tdtotit:t t1t0t.t1t0t0t7t/tst1t2t1t2t4t-t0t1t6t-t9t3t7t6t-t0t.

Rtotttht,t tWtMt.t t&t tJtotrtntettt,t tAt.t tFtrtotmt tOtbtjtetcttt-tOtrtitetntttetdt tttot tFtltutitdt tOtntttotltotgtyt:t tat tCtatstet tStttutdtyt totft ttthtet tMtatttetrtitatltitttyt totft tDtetstitgtnt tWtotrtkt titnt tAtgtitltet tStotftttwtatrtet .tDtetvtetltotptmtetnttt.t tCtotmtptuttt tStutptptotrtttetdt tCtototpt tWtotrtkt t(t2t0t1t8t)t t2t7t:t t3t7t.t thtttttptst:t/t/tdtotit.totr .tgt/t1t0t.t1t0t0t7t/tst1t0t6t0t6t-t0t1t7t-t9t2t9t7t-t6

Sthtatetrt,t tOt.t t&t tHtotrtntetctktetrt.t tEt.t t(t2t0t1t0t)t.t tTtatntgtitbtltet tUtstetrt tItntttetrtftatctetst:t tPtatsttt,t tPtrtetstetnttt,t tatntdt tFtutttutrtet tDtitrtetctttitotntst.t tFtotutntdt.t tTtrtetntdtst tHtutmt.t-tCtotmtptuttt.t tItntttetrtatcttt.t t3t,t t1t–t2t t(tJtatntutatrtyt t2t0t1t0t)t,t t1t-t1t3t7t.

Stotdtetnt tRt.t t&t tLt.t tPtatltetnt t(t2t0t1t6t)t.t tItntftrtatstttrtutctttutrtet titnt ttthtet tWtitltdt:t tWthtattt tMtatptptitntgt titnt tPtotsttt-tEtatrttthtqtutatktet tNtetptatlt tRtetvtetatltst tatbtotuttt tItntftrtatstttrtutctttutrtatlt tEtmtetrtgtetntctet.t tItnt tPtrtotct.t tCtHtIt t't1t6t,t t2t7t9t6t-t2t8t0t7t.

Star, S.L. (1989). The structure of ill-structuredR

. R o s e n b e r g e r , R . 2 0 1 7 . N o t e s o n a N o n f o u n d a t i o n a l P h e n o m e n o l o g y o f T e c h n o l o g y . F o u n d a t i o n s o f S c i e n c e 2 2 , 3 : 4 7 1 – 4 9 4 . h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 0 7 / s 1 0 6 9 9 - 0 1 5 - 9 4 8 0 - 5t .tstotltutttitotntst:t tbtotutntdtatrtyt totbtjtetctttst tatntdt thtetttetrtotgtetntetotutst tdtitstttrtitbtutttetdt tptrtotbtltetmt tstotltvtitntgt.t tItnt tGtatststetrt,t tLt.t t&t tHtuthtntst,t tMt.t t(tEtdtst.t)t tDtitstttrtitbtutttetdt tatr .tttitftitctitatlt titntttetltltitgtetntctet,t tvtotlt.t t2t,t tPtitttmtatnt,t t3t7t-t5t4t.

Stttatrt,t tSt.tLt.t t(t2t0t1t0t)t.t tTthtitst titst tNtottt tat tBtotutntdtatrtyt tOtbtjtetcttt:t tRtetftltetctttitotntst totnt ttthtet tOtrtitgtitnt totft tat tCtotntctetpttt.t tStctitetntctet,t tttetcthtntotltotgtyt,t t&t tHtutmtatnt tVtatltutetst t3t5t(t5t)t:t t6t0t1t-t6t1t7t.

Star, S.L. & Grisemer, J.R, (1989) In(.stitutional Ecology, 'Translations' and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39, Social Studies of Science, .Shneiderman et al 2016(

1t9t(t3t)t:t t3t8t7t-t4t2t0t.

Stttotltttetrtmtatnt,t tEt.t t&t tJtatntltetrttt,t tLt.tEt.t tTthtitntgtst tTthtattt tKtetetpt tUtst tBtutstyt.t tTthtet tEtltetmtetntttst totft tItntttetrtatctttitotnt.t tMtItTt tptrtetstst t2t0t1t7t.

Stutcthtmtatnt,t tLt.t t(t1t9t8t7t)t.t tPtltatntst tatntdt tStitttutatttetdt tAtctttitotnts .t,t tCtatmtbtrtitdtgtet tUtKt:t tCtatmtbtrtitdtgtet tUtntitvtetrtstitttyt tPtrtetstst.

Ttcthtotutntitktitntet,t tPt.t t(t2t0t1t6t)t.t tDtetstitgtntitntgt tftotrt tAtptptrtotptrtitatttitotnt:t tAt tTthtetotrtetttitctatlt tAtctctotutnttt.t tJtHtCtIt.

Ttetttttetrtotot,t tDt.t,t tPt tMtatrtktotptotutltotst,t tSt.t tVtatltttotltitntat,t tFt.t tPtatttetrtntòt,t tVt.t tPtitptetkt,t tatntdt tMt.t tBtutrtntettttt t(t2t0t1t5t)t.t tEtntdt-tU .tstetrt tDtetvtetltotptmtetnttt titnt ttthtet tItntttetrtntettt totft tTthtitntgtst tEtrtat.t tItnt tPtrtotct.t tCtHtIt tEtAt t't1t5t,t t2t4t0t5t-t2t4t0t8t.

Utltltmtetrt,t tBt.t t&t tItsthtitit,t tHt.t t(t2t0t0t0t)t.t tEtmtetrtgtitntgt tftrtatmtetwtotrtktst tftotrt tttatntgtitbtlte .t tutstetrt titntttetrtftatctetst,t tItBtMt tStytstttetmtst tJtotutrtntatlt t3t9t t(t3t-t4t)t,t tptpt.t t9t1t5t-t9t3t1t.

Wthtitttet,t tJt.tIt.t,t tLt.t tPtatltetnt t&t tKt.tMt.t tAtntdtetrtstotnt t(t2t0t1t4t)t.t tDtitgtitttatlt tmtotbtitltitztatttitotnt titnt tdtitstatstttetrt trtetstptotntstet:t ttthtet twtotrtkt t&t tstetltft-totrtgtatntitztatttitotnt totft totnt-tltitntet tptettt tatdtvtotctatttetst titnt trtetstptotntstet ttto .t thtutrtrtitctatntet tstatntdtyt.t tItnt tPtrtotct.t tCtStCtWt t't1t4t,t t8t6t6t-t8t7t6

Wtitbtetrtgt,t tMt.t,t tHt.t tItsthtitit,t tPt.t tDtotutrtitstht,t tAt.t tVtatltltgtåtrtdtat,t tTt.t tKtetrtrtitdtgtet,t tPt.t tStutntdtstttrtötmt,t tDt.t tRtotstntetrt t&t tMt.t tRtotltstttotnt t(t2t0t1t3t)t.t tMtatttetrtitatltitttyt tmtatttttetrtst–tetxtptetrtitetntctet tmtatttetrtitatltst. .t titntttetrtatctttitotntst t2t0t,t t2t,t t5t4t-t5t7t.

O

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